Photochemistry of Dissolved Black Carbon Released from Biochar: Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Phototransformation

Fu, Heyun; Liu, Huiting; Mao, Jingdong; Chu, Wenying; Li, Qilin; Alvarez, Pedro J. J.; Qu, Xiaolei; Zhu, Dongqiang

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04314

Cited by 288 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Due to their unique structure and properties, increasing works have found that the dissolved and nano-biochar possessed Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the relationship among the structural properties, the reactivity of biochar, functionalization and device of biochar and their environmental applications 1 3 significant different environmental behaviours, including chemical and colloidal stability, mobility in porous media, reactivity and toxicity (Fu et al 2016;Lian and Xing 2017;Liu et al 2018a;Zhang et al 2019). In summary, the difference in biochar size leads to different elemental composition and physicochemical properties between bulk biochar and small-sized biochar.…”

Section: Macroscopic: Bulk Biochar Dissolved and Nano-biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the size (nano) effect is also reflected in biochar. For example, photochemistry of dissolved black carbon released from bulk biochar can be more photoactive than that of its matrix (Fu et al 2016). Similarly, biochar was categorized into sedimentary particles, suspended coarse particles and soluble components and ultrafine particles according to their sizes and suspension property.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Wang

et al. 2020

Biochar

138

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The development of biochar has triggered a hot-spot in various research fields including agriculture, energy, environment, and materials. Biochar-based materials provide a novel approach against environmental challenging issues. Considering the rapid development of biochar materials, this review serves as a valuable platform to summarize the recent progress on the theoretical investigation and engineering applications of biochar materials in environmental remediation. For a better understanding of the structure-application relationships, the structural properties of biochar from macroscopic and microscopic aspects are summarized. The multilevel structures including elements, phases, surface chemistry, and molecular are highlighted to elucidate the multi-functional properties of biochars. Sorption, catalysis, redox reaction, and biological activity of biochar are briefly illustrated, which influence the transport, transformation, and removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in the environments. According to the multi-level structures and structure-application relationships of biochar, specific biocharbased materials and devices have been designed for practical environmental application. The important progress on the functionalization and device of biochar-based materials, including magnetic biochars, 2D and 3D biochar-based macrostructures, immobilized microorganism on biochar, and biochar-amended biofilters are highlighted. The environmental friendliness and sustainability of biochar-based materials, considering the whole cycle from synthesis to application, are evaluated.

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Section: Macroscopic: Bulk Biochar Dissolved and Nano-biocharmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Wang

et al. 2020

Biochar

138

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“…Sunlight acts to either completely oxidize OC to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ; Cory et al, 2014;Miller & Zepp, 1995) or partially oxidize OC to compounds that accumulate in different ecosystems. A wide range of OC sources in the air, land, and water are susceptible to partial photo-oxidation, including aerosols (Jimenez et al, 2009), plant litter (Austin & Vivanco, 2006), crude oil (Payne & Phillips, 1985;Ward, Sharpless, et al, 2018), pollutants (Boreen et al, 2003), biomolecules (Boreen et al, 2008;Lundeen & McNeill, 2013), black carbon (Fu et al, 2016;Ward et al, 2014), lipids (Collins et al, 2018), and dissolved (DOC;Latch & McNeill, 2006;Cory et al, 2010;Cory et al, 2014) and particulate OC (Estapa & Mayer, 2010). In light of the growing awareness that partial photo-oxidation can be a critical control on the fate and transport of OC, there is a need for robust methods to quantify its occurrence in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Isotopes (δ¹⁸O) Trace Photochemical Hydrocarbon Oxidation at the Sea Surface

Ward

Sharpless

Valentine

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Although photochemical oxidation is an environmental process that drives organic carbon (OC) cycling, its quantitative detection remains analytically challenging. Here, we use samples from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to test the hypothesis that the stable oxygen isotope composition of oil (δ18OOil) is a sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation. In less than one‐week, δ18OOil increased from −0.6 to 7.2‰, a shift representing ~25% of the δ18OOC dynamic range observed in nature. By accounting for different oxygen sources (H2O or O2) and kinetic isotopic fractionation of photochemically incorporated O2, which was −9‰ for a wide range of OC sources, a mass balance was established for the surface oil's elemental oxygen content and δ18O. This δ18O‐based approach provides novel insights into the sources and pathways of hydrocarbon photo‐oxidation, thereby improving our understanding of the fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in sunlit waters, and our capacity to respond effectively to future spills.

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“…Despite the various laboratories using NaBH 4 as a reductant (Leenheer et al 1987;Tinnacher and Honeyman 2007;Ma et al 2010;Sharpless 2012;Phillips and Smith 2014;Fu et al 2016), no standard protocol exists for reducing HS and CDOM, making inter-laboratory comparisons challenging. In one example, NaBH 4 was added in a one-to-one mass ratio to a sample of HS, allowed to reduce for 4 h, with the excess NaBH 4 then decomposed by the addition of hydrochloric acid before subsequent isolation by solid phase extraction (Leenheer et al 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A standard protocol for NaBH₄reduction of CDOM and HS

Schendorf

Vecchio

Koech

et al. 2016

Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods

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Sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) selectively reduces ketones/aldehydes to alcohols and quinones to hydroquinones and has been used to reduce these carbonyl moieties within humic substances (HS) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to gain insight into their contributions to the optical/photochemical properties of these materials. To further investigate the effects of borohydride reduction on the absorption and emission properties of HS and to develop a standard protocol for this reduction, the effects of increasing borohydride concentrations were examined over the course of 96 h. Time courses for the reduction revealed the presence of two kinetically distinguishable pools of carbonyls that were irreversibly reduced. A third pool appears to be reversibly reduced at a low mass excess of NaBH 4 , but contributes much less to HS absorption. Reduced samples can be adjusted to pH 7 and passed through a size exclusion column (Sephadex G-10) to remove borate salts, thus producing salt-free samples that can be used for further analyses. A 25-fold mass excess of NaBH 4 relative to the HS mass produced the largest changes in optical properties without generating excessive amounts of reaction products. Although smaller additional changes are observed at higher mass excesses, the removal of excess borate becomes substantially more difficult and time consuming. While most changes are complete by 48 h, our results suggest that the reaction should be allowed to proceed for 96 h in the dark at room temperature to ensure that additional changes in the optical signals are not observed.Sodium borohydride selectively reduces carbonyl-containing compounds such as ketones/aldehydes and quinones within HS to alcohols and hydroquinones, respectively (Johnson and Rickborn 1970;Leenheer et al. 1995;Rohm and Haas 2003;Tinnacher and Honeyman 2007). Previous work has shown that treatment of aquatic CDOM/HS with sodium borohydride produces a preferential loss of visible absorption and enhanced, blue-shifted fluorescence emission (Ma et al.

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Photochemistry of Dissolved Black Carbon Released from Biochar: Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Phototransformation

Cited by 288 publications

References 51 publications

Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Oxygen Isotopes (δ¹⁸O) Trace Photochemical Hydrocarbon Oxidation at the Sea Surface

A standard protocol for NaBH₄reduction of CDOM and HS

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Photochemistry of Dissolved Black Carbon Released from Biochar: Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Phototransformation

Cited by 288 publications

References 51 publications

Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Application of biochar-based materials in environmental remediation: from multi-level structures to specific devices

Oxygen Isotopes (δ18O) Trace Photochemical Hydrocarbon Oxidation at the Sea Surface

A standard protocol for NaBH4reduction of CDOM and HS

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Oxygen Isotopes (δ¹⁸O) Trace Photochemical Hydrocarbon Oxidation at the Sea Surface

A standard protocol for NaBH₄reduction of CDOM and HS