Photochemical Production of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Simultaneous Initiation of Radical and Cationic Polymerization Reactions

Abstract

Abstract:In this paper, we propose to review the ways to produce, through photopolymerization, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) based, e.g., on acrylate/epoxide or acrylate/vinylether blends and to outline the recent developments that allows a one-step procedure (concomitant radical/cationic polymerization), under air or in laminate, under various irradiation conditions (UV/visible/near IR; high/low intensity sources; monochromatic/polychromatic sources; household lamps/laser diodes/Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)). The paper illustrates the encountered mechanisms and the polymerization profiles. A short survey on the available monomer systems and some brief examples of the attained final properties of the IPNs is also provided.

Spatially Resolved Measurements of Crosslinking in UV-Curable Coatings Using Single-Sided NMR

“…This method has been demonstrated elsewhere on elastomers [22,23] and may circumvent some of the limitations of T 2 determinations from CPMG data, in particular a strong dependence on both equipment-specific and user-selected experimental parameters. Furthermore, single-sided NMR may be particularly well suited to evaluating the extent of crosslinking within interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) [24]; these coatings consist of two or more phases that in tandem produce specific material properties.…”

Printing continuously graded interpenetrating polymer networks of acrylate/epoxy by manipulating cationic network formation during stereolithography

“…Typical initial and intermediate FTIR spectra during the curing are shown in Figure 3. The variable peaks at 1638 cm -1 (C=C) and 778 cm -1 ( ) are, respectively, associated with the conversion of acrylate and BADGE [31]. Conversion of each component was calculated using the peak-height method based on the ratio of the height of the variable peak to the reference peak at 1607 cm -1 .…”

“…Photo curing is typically fast and also controllable [28,29], and has been the basis of numerous conventional applications in coatings, adhesives, inks, printing plates, optical wave guides, microelectronics and 3D printing [30]. Many IPNs, including acrylate/epoxy based IPNs, have been made by such a process [31][32][33]. The main mechanisms for photo curing of polymers are free-radical and ionic polymerization [30].…”

Photochemistry — development and achievements

“…2. Radiation-induced polymerization and preparation of polymeric materials (Pape 1974;Chatani et al, 2014;Fouassier and Lalevée, 2014;Dietliker et al, 2010;Nakamura, 2015), in particular preparation of photoresists (materials crucial in the whole electronic industry) and UV curing (a photochemical reaction generating a crosslinked network of polymers). 3.…”