Photocatalytic transformation of sixteen substituted phenylurea herbicides in aqueous semiconductor suspensions: Intermediates and degradation pathways

Photometabolic pathways of chlorantraniliprole in aqueous slurries containing binary and ternary oxides of Zn and Ti

“…Toxicity in the illuminated ZnO system may be magnified by the release of Zn 2+ into water as a consequence of the attack of ZnAO bonds by the photogenerated holes. Several authors have reported the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous media using both photocatalysts, finding that ZnO is a more efficient than TiO 2 and can be considered a suitable alternative to it [22][23][24].…”

Photodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticides in water by semiconductor oxides

“…Some excellent reviews have been published in the last decade about the fundaments of this technique and its application to degradation of pesticides in water (Devipriya and Yesodharan 2005;Malato et al 2009;Ahmed et al 2011;Reddy and Kim 2015). Although TiO 2 is the most widely used photocatalyst due to their unique blend of properties, ZnO is sometimes preferred over TiO 2 for degradation of organic pollutants due to its high efficiency (Sakthivel et al 2003;Daneshvar et al 2004;Rao et al 2009;Fenoll et al 2012bFenoll et al , 2013. In addition, ZnO has a similar band gap (about 3.2 eV) and follows the same mechanism of photodegradation as TiO 2 (Ahmed et al 2011).…”

An overview on the advanced oxidation processes applied for the treatment of water pollutants defined in the recently launched Directive 2013/39/EU

“…It is reported to be similar to TiO2 under sunlight, due to their near band gap energy and to the similar photooxidation induced pathway, including the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the direct oxidation by photogenerated holes. The main difference between these materials is the high electronic conductivity of ZnO, comparatively with TiO2, with the electron mobility of ZnO at least two orders of magnitude higher than TiO2 (Fenoll et al, 2013). However, it is also reported that ZnO can suffer photocorrosion in certain conditions and, thus, TiO2 is still the preferred photocatalyst in literature.…”

“…This depends on the geometry and the working conditions of the photoreactor, and thus the catalyst loading should be optimized. Addi-tion of oxidizing agents/electron acceptors (e.g., inorganic peroxides (S2O8 2 − ), Fe 3+ , H2O2, BrO3 − , and Ag + ) that can capture the photogenerated electrons more efficiently than dissolved oxygen, low-ering the electron-hole recombination and increasing the photooxida-tion process, can also have a positive influence on the process efficiency (Fenoll et al, 2013). Few studies reported diclofenac, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol degradation by heterogeneous photocatalysis, as shown in Table S3.…”

“…This report shows that increasing the reactor diameter is crucial in order to enhance the photocatalytic treatment under natural solar irradiation in a CPC pilot scale plant when using low TiO2 catalyst loads (such as 20 mg L − 1 ). The phenylurea pesticides diuron and isoproturon were also treated (at 0.1 mg L − 1 each), using different photocatalysts, and their catalytic activity decreased as follows: ZnO N TiO2 ≫ SnO2 ≈ WO3 N ZnS (Fenoll et al, 2013). A report comprising the degradation of alachlor, atrazine, simazine and terbutryn confirmed that ZnO was a more efficient photocatalyst than TiO2 (Fenoll et al, 2012), and the same group of researchers found that the addition of Na2S2O8 significantly increased the degradation rate of diuron and isoproturon (Fenoll et al, 2013).…”