Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol using a ruthenium trinuclear polyazine complex immobilized on graphene oxide under visible light irradiation

Abstract

A ruthenium trinuclear polyazine complex was synthesized and subsequently immobilized through complexation to a graphene oxide support containing phenanthroline ligands (GO-phen). The developed photocatalyst was used for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to methanol, using a 20 watt white cold LED flood light, in a dimethyl formamide-water mixture containing triethylamine as a reductive quencher. After 48 h illumination, the yield of methanol was found to be 3977.57 AE 5.60 mmol g cat À1.The developed photocatalyst exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity than graphene oxide, which provided a yield of 2201.40 AE 8.76 mmol g cat À1. After the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered and reused for four subsequent runs without a significant loss of catalytic activity and no leaching of the metal/ligand was detected during the reaction.

Hexamolybdenum clusters supported on graphene oxide: Visible-light induced photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into methanol

“…9). These electrons in the conduction band of GO were used for the reduction of CO 2 to give methanol [54][55][56]. The positively charged …”

Katalyse der Kohlenstoffdioxid‐Photoreduktion an Nanoschichten: Grundlagen und Herausforderungen

“…Dies wird bei der Deutung der Ergebnisse des Austauschs,d ie in Gegenwart von Graphen und Carbidnanoschichten gemessen wurden, hilfreich sein. Die Nanomaterialien lassen sich in zwei Gruppen einordnen:i )metallhaltige Photokatalysatoren wie Oxide, [11,39,48,53,54,70,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] Chalkogenide, [49] Bismut-Oxyhalogenide, [82][83][84][85][86][87] Hydrotalcite [88] und Zeolithe; [89] ii)metallfreie Photokatalysatoren wie Graphen und seine Derivate (Graphenoxide (GO) und mit Heteroatomen dotiertes Graphen), [55,[90][91][92][93][94][95][96] g-C 3 N 4 [97][98][99][100][101][102] und kohlenstoffdotiertes h-BN. [55,56,72] Die Photoreduktionen von 13 CO 2 zu 13 CH 4 [55] und 13 CH 3 OH [54] wurden ebenfalls beschrieben.…”

“…Lichtresponsive metallorganische Komplexe [92,93] und Verbindungen mit Hexamolybdänclustern [94] wurden ebenfalls auf GO fixiert. Die photokatalytische Aktivitätvon GO fürd ie CO 2 -Reduktion wurde so bedeutend erhçht.…”

Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Materials

“…Ru-complex/ GO [107,108] photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CH 3 OH under visible light irradiation.Catalyst (5 mol %), H2O/DMF solvent saturated with CO 2 ,LED (20 W) 2050 mmol g À1 after 24 h CoPc-G [109] photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CH 3 [112] photocatalytic H 2 generation from H 2 Ou nder UV/Vis or visiblel ight irradiation.Catalyst (1 mL, 0.2 mg mL), H 2 O(40 mL), MeOH (10 mL), Ar atmosphere, Xe lamp (150 W), 298 K, pH 3 39.3and 7.6 mmol mg À1 after 10 hunder UV or Vis light;t he catalyst is stable for at least 50 h Pt/SiPc-(N)rGO [113] photocatalytic H 2 generation from H 2 Ou nder UV/Vis or visiblel ight irradiation.Catalyst (0.5 mg), trimethylamine aqueouss olution (10 %), pH 10, 298 K 4.5 mmol g À1 in 6hand then 3 mmol g À1 for the nextfour uses FePc-GO [95] oxidation coupling of thiols to disulfidesunder visible light irradiation. Catalyst (1 mol %), substrate (2 mmol), O 2 atmosphere,r oom temperature, LED (20 W)…”