“…[9][10][11][12] Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a much used photocatalyst because it is non-toxic, chemically and photochemically stable, readily available, and easy to synthesize. 13,14 However, TiO 2 has two major demerits: it possesses a wide bandgap energy value of 3.2 eV for pure anatase, which limits its activity under UV irradiation, and it exhibits rapid electron-hole recombination, which decreases its photocatalytic performance. 15,16 Various strategies, including doping by metallic/nonmetallic species, dye sensitization, as well as coupling with narrow bandgap semiconductors, have been developed to expand its photoresponse into the visible light region, decrease electron-hole pair recombination and increase its activity for the removal of toxic pollutants from industrial effluents.…”