Chromium-replaced PbMoO 4 , PbMo 1Àx Cr x O 4 , prepared by an aqueous reflux method, showed a photocatalytic activity for O 2 evolution from an aqueous solution containing an electron accepter, such as Ag þ or Fe 3þ under visible light irradiation (vis) ( ! 420 nm). PbMo 0:98 Cr 0:02 O 4 (Energy gap: 2.26 eV) showed the highest activity for the O 2 evolution under vis and UV + vis light irradiation. The activity of PbMo 0:98 Cr 0:02 O 4 was one order of magnitude higher than that of PbMoO 4 under UV + vis light irradiation. The crystal structures of PbMo 1Àx Cr x O 4 were studied by the Rietveld analysis for powder X-ray diffraction. PbMo 1Àx Cr x O 4 had a scheelite-type structure when x was equal to or smaller than 0.2. The energy band structures of PbMo 1Àx Cr x O 4 were calculated based on density functional theory using the structural parameters refined by the Rietveld analysis. It was revealed that the top of the valence band of PbMoO 4 consisted of O2p and Pb6s orbitals and the accepter level was composed of a Cr3d orbital in the forbidden band below the conduction band consisting of a Mo4d orbital. It was concluded that the visible light response was due to the excitation from the Pb6s + O2p valence band to the Cr3d accepter level.Photocatalytic water splitting into H 2 and O 2 is an important reaction from the viewpoint of the global energy and the environmental issues.1,2 Recently, new photocatalysts consisting of metal ions with d 0 and d 10 electron configurations have been developed for photocatalytic H 2 and O 2 evolution from water under UV irradiation, one after another.