Due to the increase of the worldwide demand for energy along with the global warming and the increasing level of atmospheric CO 2 , solar hydrogen has been proposed as an optimal fuel as it can be produced from water using solar energy which emerges as the most promising energy source in terms of abundance and sustainability. So far, the main commercial process for producing molecular hydrogen is steam reforming of hydrocarbons which is, however, connected with a CO 2 emission disadvantage. Carbon-free hydrogen production can be achieved by water splitting employing an electrolyzer powered by photovoltaics, but a potentially more cost-effective route is to perform direct photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, the authors present the principles of this process, the maximum solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, the most active photocatalysts reported so far and the challenges for the development of the optimum photocatalyst for the efficient release of hydrogen from water. Since the efficiency of the overall photocatalytic water splitting is still very low and the photocatalytic reforming of biomass compounds can be considered as an intermediate step between the current fossil fuel consumption and the dream for an efficient direct photocatalytic water splitting utilizing solar energy, the photocatalytic hydrogen production employing different so-called sacrificial reagents, i.e., electron donors, is also presented and discussed herein. Commonly, the system employing TiO 2 as the photocatalyst and methanol as the sacrificial reagent is investigated, thus, details concerning the possibility of enhancing the photocatalytic activity of this system as well as the current knowledge of the underlying mechanism are presented at the end of this chapter.