Photocatalytic degradation of ceftiofur sodium in the presence of gold nanoparticles loaded TiO2 under UV–visible light

Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin using mono- (Au, Ag and Cu) and bi- (Au–Ag and Au–Cu) metallic nanoparticles supported on TiO2 under UV-C and simulated sunlight

“…Solid-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra were obtained using a Horiba Fluorolog-3 modular system. Excitation at 286 nm was supplied to the samples using a Xenon lamp at room temperature, and a major peak at 366 nm was followed to estimate the band-to-band transition [13]. Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR) of the dried samples was performed in a RIG-150 in situ research unit using a flow of 30 mL/min of 10% H 2 /Ar gas mixture and a heating rate of 10 • C/min from 50 • C to 600 • C.…”

“…Some of these by-products may be more genotoxic than parent compounds as well as maintain antibiotic activity when active moieties in molecules remain unchanged [9,10]. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has shown to remove and mineralize some second and third generation antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones [11], cephalosporins [12,13] and vancomycins [14]. High mineralization is achieved by the continuous generation of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) upon the irradiation of the photocatalyst.…”

“…Complete degradation and 90% of mineralization of chloramphenicol was achieved after 18 min of UV-C light irradiation when (1 wt.%) Ag/TiO 2 was tested [21]. Pugazhenthiran et al [12,13] used Au and Ag nanoparticles deposited on TiO 2 nanotubes to degrade ceftiofur sodium, obtaining the complete degradation and 50% of mineralization upon 90 min and 10 h of UV-visible-NIR (360-2000 nm) irradiation, respectively. Chlortetracycline was effectively degraded (80% upon 90 min irradiation) using bio-inspired hollow spherical Cu/TiO 2 materials and simulated sunlight [22].…”

A review on plasmonic metal⿿TiO2 composite for generation, trapping, storing and dynamic vectorial transfer of photogenerated electrons across the Schottky junction in a photocatalytic system

“…TEM images showed that the Au particles were highly dispersed on TiO 2 with a condensed shape having a large interfacial area as a result of low interfacial energy between gold and TiO 2 [112]. The photocatalytic degradation experiments in presence of oxidants like peroxomonosulfate, peroxodisulfate and hydrogen peroxide increased the degradation rate and the activity is attributed to the immediate trapping of the photogenerated electrons by the oxidants that lead to the decrease in charge recombination [111]. Au/N-TiO 2 //N-WO 3 (4% WO 3 optimum concentration) exhibited enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) under UV and visible light irradiation when compared to other samples [113].…”

“…The interaction of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals with oxalic acid leads to total destruction. Au/TiO 2 prepared by deposition-precipitation method by virtue of its visible light absorption property and rapid charge separation at the interface showed excellent photocatalytic property toward the degradation of ceftiofur sodium (CFS) a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic under UV-visible light irradiation [111]. Under illumination conditions the CB electrons are attracted by Au nanoparticles owing to the difference in the work function between Au and TiO 2 and these electrons are driven by an electric field and hence the light induced charge separation becomes easier (Fig.…”