Abstract:The photocatalytic decomposition of toluene vapor by bare and TiO2-coated carbon fibers was studied. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to perform the TiO2 coating. We show that, under our conditions, the photocatalytic activity of bare carbon fibers was comparable with that of TiO2 films, which are known to be good photocatalysts. The origin of the high photocatalytic activity of bare carbon fibers is discussed.
“…The reactivity of bare carbon cloth toward the target molecules used can arise from oxygen impurities on the carbon ber surfaces acting as color centers or, alternatively, from the defect sites, mainly radicals with sp 3 -hybridized carbon atoms, acting as reaction centers. 22 When the TiO 2 /PVDF-HPF membrane is irradiated, the photogenerated holes electrons can react with surface OH À groups to produce extremely reactive radicals such as cOH, whereas electrons interact with O 2 , which is an electron acceptor to produce O 2À . These reactive species can oxidize the target molecules to H 2 O, CO 2 and mineral end-products.…”
This is the first report where a polymer, namely poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), has been used as a binder together with the electrophoretic deposition process. PVDF-HFP provided mechanical stability and membrane flexibility and, at the same time, eliminated the leaching of the electrophoreticly deposited TiO 2 particles in the solution during the water treatment process. Electrophoretic deposition of TiO 2 particles containing different weight percentages of PVDF-HFP were conducted and the required concentration of PVDF-HFP in the solution to prevent the leaching of TiO 2 was established. The so obtained material finds applications in the photocatalytic water treatment, as investigated under simulated solar light in aqueous solutions using 4-nitrophenol, caffeine, acetaminophen and uracil as target molecules. Results indicated the complete removal of 4-nitrophenol after 24 hours, degradation percentage above 80% of acetaminophen and uracil and 60% for caffeine. Photodegradation of pre-adsorbed methylene blue (MB) both under simulated solar radiation and visible light was successfully achieved in dry conditions as confirmed by diffusion reflectance spectra.
“…The reactivity of bare carbon cloth toward the target molecules used can arise from oxygen impurities on the carbon ber surfaces acting as color centers or, alternatively, from the defect sites, mainly radicals with sp 3 -hybridized carbon atoms, acting as reaction centers. 22 When the TiO 2 /PVDF-HPF membrane is irradiated, the photogenerated holes electrons can react with surface OH À groups to produce extremely reactive radicals such as cOH, whereas electrons interact with O 2 , which is an electron acceptor to produce O 2À . These reactive species can oxidize the target molecules to H 2 O, CO 2 and mineral end-products.…”
This is the first report where a polymer, namely poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), has been used as a binder together with the electrophoretic deposition process. PVDF-HFP provided mechanical stability and membrane flexibility and, at the same time, eliminated the leaching of the electrophoreticly deposited TiO 2 particles in the solution during the water treatment process. Electrophoretic deposition of TiO 2 particles containing different weight percentages of PVDF-HFP were conducted and the required concentration of PVDF-HFP in the solution to prevent the leaching of TiO 2 was established. The so obtained material finds applications in the photocatalytic water treatment, as investigated under simulated solar light in aqueous solutions using 4-nitrophenol, caffeine, acetaminophen and uracil as target molecules. Results indicated the complete removal of 4-nitrophenol after 24 hours, degradation percentage above 80% of acetaminophen and uracil and 60% for caffeine. Photodegradation of pre-adsorbed methylene blue (MB) both under simulated solar radiation and visible light was successfully achieved in dry conditions as confirmed by diffusion reflectance spectra.
Combining semiconductor photocatalysts with carbon nanostructures has been extensively investigated due to their enhanced photochemical conversion activity. While many nanocomposite synthesis methods have been reported, the emerging use of photocatalytic reactions in synthesizing these carbon-based semiconductor composites and even pure carbon nanomaterials is increasingly capturing the attention of the research community. Being categorized under photocatalysis, these carbon-based nanomaterials are designed by either utilizing the conduction band electron or valence band hole of a photocatalyst. This perspective surveys the literature, discusses the principle of the method and highlights the recent progress in the development of this synthetic method. Ongoing challenges and new possible solutions encountered in this research area are outlined.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is gaining attention as a thin film deposition method, uniquely suitable for depositing uniform and conformal films on complex three-dimensional topographies. The deposition of a film of a given material by ALD relies on the successive, separated, and self-terminating gas–solid reactions of typically two gaseous reactants. Hundreds of ALD chemistries have been found for depositing a variety of materials during the past decades, mostly for inorganic materials but lately also for organic and inorganic–organic hybrid compounds. One factor that often dictates the properties of ALD films in actual applications is the crystallinity of the grown film: Is the material amorphous or, if it is crystalline, which phase(s) is (are) present. In this thematic review, we first describe the basics of ALD, summarize the two-reactant ALD processes to grow inorganic materials developed to-date, updating the information of an earlier review on ALD [R. L. Puurunen, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 121301 (2005)], and give an overview of the status of processing ternary compounds by ALD. We then proceed to analyze the published experimental data for information on the crystallinity and phase of inorganic materials deposited by ALD from different reactants at different temperatures. The data are collected for films in their as-deposited state and tabulated for easy reference. Case studies are presented to illustrate the effect of different process parameters on crystallinity for representative materials: aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, titanium nitride, zinc zulfide, and ruthenium. Finally, we discuss the general trends in the development of film crystallinity as function of ALD process parameters. The authors hope that this review will help newcomers to ALD to familiarize themselves with the complex world of crystalline ALD films and, at the same time, serve for the expert as a handbook-type reference source on ALD processes and film crystallinity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.