“…Coagulation, chemical oxidation, microbiological treatment, electrochemical oxidation, photo-degradation, and adsorption are regularly used separation techniques for removing dyes from wastewater [ [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ]. The adsorption process is widely used because of its advantageous characteristics, such as simplicity of operation, high-performance effectiveness, more recoverability, greater accessibility to adsorbates, and reduced secondary pollution and low cost [ 26 , 27 ].…”