“…Defect engineering and heteroatom doping are the common strategies to introduce reaction centers in various BiOX nanostructures (e.g., nanobelts, nanosheets, and nanospheres), enabling the activation of molecules like CO 2 , N 2 , H 2 O, and H 2 O 2 . ,, Oxygen vacancies or heteroatoms in BiOX induce impurity states in the middle of the band gap, which effectively broaden the optical absorbance in the visible regime. ,− Meanwhile, the influence of defects and dopants on the photocarrier dynamics is intricate, depending on the concentrations, local atomic structures, and energy levels of the impurity states . Some previous studies argued that the oxygen vacancies and elemental doping (such as Fe, Co, C, B) in BiOX can facilitate charge separation and improve the photocatalytic activity, − while many others using the time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence claimed that the midgap states in semiconductors may trap charge carriers and provoke electron–hole recombination. − Evidently, the role of defects and dopants in BiOX, whether as a recombination center or as an efficient mediator for charge transfer, is still controversial. ,− Therefore, it is imperative to establish a time-dependent picture of the carrier transport behavior of the chemically modified BiOX for precisely modulating their photocatalytic performance.…”