Photobiomodulation Promotes Neuronal Axon Regeneration After Oxidative Stress and Induces a Change in Polarization from M1 to M2 in Macrophages via Stimulation of CCL2 in Neurons: Relevance to Spinal Cord Injury

Zhou, Qiao; Zhang, Jiawei; Zuo, Xiaoshuang; Sun, Jiakai; Liang, Zhicheng; Hu, Xueyu; Wang, Zhe; Li, Kun; Song, Jiwei; Ding, Tan; Shen, Xuefeng; Ma, Yinbo; Li, Penghui

doi:10.1007/s12031-020-01756-9

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These reports agree with our present results, suggesting that ageing enhances the increase in Iba1-IR cell expression in the TG at the onset of ectopic mechanical allodynia in whisker pad skin after IANX. M1 macrophages potentiate inflammation by producing TNF-α, interleukins (IL)-6, and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) (43)(44)(45). In contrast, M2 macrophages function as antiinflammatory agents by producing anti-inflammatory products such as IL-4, transforming growth factor-β, and CCL4 (46)(47)(48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury

Fujiwara

Urata

Oto

et al. 2023

In Vivo

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Background/Aim: The ectopic pain associated with inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury has been reported to involve macrophage expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). However, the effect of age-related changes on this abnormal pain conditions are still unknown. This study sought to clarify the involvement of age-related changes in macrophage expression and phenotypic conversion in the TG and how these changes enhance ectopic mechanical allodynia after IAN transection (IANX). Materials and Methods: We used senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)-prone 8 (SAMP8) and SAM-resistance 1 (SAMR1) mice, which are commonly used to study ageing-related changes. Mechanical stimulation was applied to the whisker pad skin under light anaesthesia; the mechanical head withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured for 21 d post-IANX. We subsequently counted the numbers of Iba1 (macrophage marker)-immunoreactive (IR) cells, Iba1/CD11c (M1-like inflammatory macrophage marker)-co-IR cells, and Iba1/CD206 (M2-like anti-inflammatory macrophage marker)-co-IR cells in the TG innervating the whisker pad skin. After continuous intra-TG administration of liposomal clodronate Clophosome® -A (LCCA) to IANX-treated SAMP8mice, the MHWT values of the whisker pad skin were examined. Results: Five days post-IANX, the MHWT had significantly decreased in SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1-mice. Iba1-IR and Iba1/CD11c-co-IR cell counts were significantly increased in SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1 mice 5 d post-IANX. LCCA administration significantly restored MHWT compared to control-LCCA administration. Conclusion: Ectopic mechanical allodynia of whisker pad skin after IANX is exacerbated by ageing, which involves increases in M1-like inflammatory macrophages in the TG.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury

Fujiwara

Urata

Oto

et al. 2023

In Vivo

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“…Signaling associated with inflammation, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-Β (NF-κB) signaling, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) pathway signaling, is suppressed by PBM; in contrast, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein (CREB) pathways, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathways can be upregulated by PBM [ 59 – 63 ]. In cultured cells treated with PBM, the expression of GFAP and the secretion of cartilage sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by primary astrocytes are decreased [ 16 ]; the levels of ROS and the axon retraction of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons under oxidative stress conditions are improved [ 64 ]; NF-κB signaling in the activation of M1-type BMDM polarization is inhibited; and the protein kinase A (PKA)/CREB pathway participating in M2 polarization is activated [ 44 , 45 ]. Our findings will contribute to clarification of the biochemical mechanism of PBM, especially since the roles of microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation have received increasing attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation inhibits the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes by inhibiting Lcn2/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk after spinal cord injury in male rats

Wang

Zuo

et al. 2021

J Neuroinflammation

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Background Neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes begin to activate and participate in pathological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI), subsequently causing severe secondary damage and affecting tissue repair. We have previously reported that photobiomodulation (PBM) can promote functional recovery by reducing neuroinflammation after SCI, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether PBM ameliorates neuroinflammation by modulating the activation of microglia and astrocytes after SCI. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: a sham control group, an SCI + vehicle group and an SCI + PBM group. PBM was performed for two consecutive weeks after clip-compression SCI models were established. The activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes, the level of tissue apoptosis, the number of motor neurons and the recovery of motor function were evaluated at different days post-injury (1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury, dpi). Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling were regarded as potential targets by which PBM affected neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes. In in vitro experiments, primary microglia and astrocytes were irradiated with PBM and cotreated with cucurbitacin I (a JAK2-STAT3 pathway inhibitor), an adenovirus (shRNA-Lcn2) and recombinant Lcn2 protein. Results PBM promoted the recovery of motor function, inhibited the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes, alleviated neuroinflammation and tissue apoptosis, and increased the number of neurons retained after SCI. The upregulation of Lcn2 and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway after SCI were suppressed by PBM. In vitro experiments also showed that Lcn2 and JAK2-STAT3 were mutually promoted and that PBM interfered with this interaction, inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Conclusion Lcn2/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk is involved in the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes after SCI, and this process can be suppressed by PBM.

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“…Simultaneously, the exploration of t‐PBM as a novel therapeutic approach for OCD is warranted. This exploration should not be limited to its potential anti‐inflammatory effects in OCD but should also encompass its potential direct impact on neural cells (De Marchi et al., 2021; Esteves et al., 2022; Lima et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2017; Shaikh‐Kader et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021). t‐PBM's ability to influence neurons, astrocytes, and microglia through photophysical and photochemical processes in mitochondria‐rich cells offers another avenue of potential therapeutic benefits in OCD (de Freitas & Hamblin, 2016; Dompe et al., 2020; Vieira, Gersten, et al., 2023).…”

Section: Future Directions and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

Coelho,

Salvi,

Vieira

et al. 2024

J of Neuroscience Research

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 2%–3% of the global population. Despite the availability of several treatments, many patients with OCD do not respond adequately, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies have associated various inflammatory processes with the pathogenesis of OCD, including alterations in peripheral immune cells, alterations in cytokine levels, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that inflammation could be a promising target for intervention. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t‐PBM) with near‐infrared light is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that has shown potential for several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, its efficacy in OCD remains to be fully explored. This study aimed to review the literature on inflammation in OCD, detailing associations with T‐cell populations, monocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome components, microglial activation, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, CRP, IL‐1β, and IL‐6. We also examined the hypothesis‐based potential of t‐PBM in targeting these inflammatory pathways of OCD, focusing on mechanisms such as modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of immune cell function, reduction of proinflammatory cytokine levels, deactivation of neurotoxic microglia, and upregulation of BDNF gene expression. Our review suggests that t‐PBM could be a promising, noninvasive intervention for OCD, with the potential to modulate underlying inflammatory processes. Future research should focus on randomized clinical trials to assess t‐PBM's efficacy and optimal treatment parameters in OCD. Biomarker analyses and neuroimaging studies will be important in understanding the relationship between inflammatory modulation and OCD symptom improvement following t‐PBM sessions.

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Photobiomodulation Promotes Neuronal Axon Regeneration After Oxidative Stress and Induces a Change in Polarization from M1 to M2 in Macrophages via Stimulation of CCL2 in Neurons: Relevance to Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury

Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury

Photobiomodulation inhibits the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes by inhibiting Lcn2/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk after spinal cord injury in male rats

Inflammation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A literature review and hypothesis‐based potential of transcranial photobiomodulation

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