Photobehavior of the harpacticoid copepod <i>Tigriopus californicus</i> and the fine structure of its nauplius eye

Martin, Gary G.; Speekmann, Christa L.; Beidler, Siriporn

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00179.x

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…showed no response . The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus is also able to detect UV-B radiation (Martin et al 2000). Interestingly, the marine copepods Acartia spp.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Dvm Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

Williamson

Fischer

Bollens

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

186

202

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The current prevailing theory of diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton is focused largely on two biotic drivers: food and predation. Yet recent evidence suggests that abiotic drivers such as damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature are also important. Here we integrate current knowledge on the effects of abiotic factors on DVM with the current biologically based paradigm to develop a more comprehensive framework for understanding DVM in zooplankton. We focus on ''normal'' (down during the day, up at night) DVM of holoplanktonic, primarily herbivorous zooplankton. This new transparency-regulator hypothesis differentiates between structural drivers, such as temperature and food, that vary little over a 24-h period and dynamic drivers, such as damaging UV radiation and visual predation, that show strong variation over a 24-h period. This hypothesis emphasizes the central role of water transparency in regulating these major drivers of DVM. In less transparent systems, temperature and food are often optimal in the surface waters, visual predators are abundant, and UV radiation levels are low. In contrast, in more transparent systems, vertical thermal gradients tend to be more gradual, food quality and quantity are higher in deeper waters, and visual predator abundance is often lower and damaging UV radiation higher in the surface waters. This transparency-regulator hypothesis provides a more versatile theoretical framework to explain variation in DVM across waters of differing transparency. This hypothesis also enables clearer predictions of how the wide range of ongoing transparency-altering local, regional, and global environmental changes can be expected to influence DVM patterns in both inland and oceanic waters of the world.Diel vertical migrations (DVM) of zooplankton in the world's lakes and oceans comprise some of the most widespread and massive migrations of animals on Earth. These striking migrations across strong vertical habitat gradients have inspired numerous ecological and evolutionary studies addressing mechanisms of habitat selection and consequences for species interactions. These migrations also have important implications for water quality and fisheries production as well as biogeochemical cycling. Natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, such as shifting local land use patterns and regional to global climate change, are altering water transparency and have the potential to affect DVM in lakes and oceans worldwide. The purpose of this article is to provide a common theoretical framework for understanding variation in the drivers of DVM across transparency gradients with a particular emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of the role of ultraviolet radiation (UV).Many environmental factors are recognized as providing both important proximate cues as well as ultimate consequences of adaptive significance for DVM, including light, temperature, food availability, and predation pressures (Table 1; Lampert 1989;Ringelberg 1993;Hays 2003). In spite of the wides...

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“…showed no response . The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus is also able to detect UV-B radiation (Martin et al 2000). Interestingly, the marine copepods Acartia spp.…”

Section: A Brief History Of Dvm Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

Williamson

Fischer

Bollens

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

186

202

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The large, tripartite eyes in C. amphiodiae are ''transformed frontal organs'' (sensu Elofsson 2006), 74 Hendler & Dojiri instead of ''three, tightly apposed ocelli'' characteristic of most other copepods (Fahrenbach 1964:182). The ventral ocellus of the metanauplius may reach 0.14 mm in length, greater than twice that reported for the ocelli of many adult copepods (Fahrenbach 1964;Dudley 1969;Bron & Sommerville 1998;Martin et al 2000). The size, lens, and tapetum of the ocellus enhance its light gathering capability.…”

Section: Morphological Specialization Of Thaumatopsyllidsmentioning

confidence: 80%

The contrariwise life of a parasitic, pedomorphic copepod with a non‐feeding adult: ontogenesis, ecology, and evolution

Hendler

Dojiri²

2009

Invertebrate Biology

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Abstract. The extraordinary parasitic metanauplius larva of Caribeopsyllus amphiodiae is sexually dimorphic, with conspicuous gonads, and elaborate lens‐bearing eyes. The parasites usually occur singly within their host, and grow for ≤5 months within the stomach of burrowing ophiuroids (Amphiodia urtica). They transform into free‐living, semelparous, non‐feeding adults that live only 2 weeks. The species' life‐history pattern, with a larval period ∼10 × longer than the adult life span, is contrariwise to that of other copepods but not for animals with non‐feeding adults of both sexes. It appears that the life cycle of C. amphiodiae is pedomorphic, and probably evolved through a delay of metamorphosis regulated by developmental hormones. We attribute the dominance of the larval phase to the greater potential for survival and growth of the enterozoic parasitic stages than of the free‐living, post‐metamorphic stages. We note that among marine invertebrates, non‐feeding adults of both sexes occur exclusively in taxa with a complex life cycle, and that non‐feeding adults of both sexes are never found in taxa that have small larvae and delayed maturation. They occur only when there is a large larva that can provide the adult stage with sufficient nutrient reserves for reproduction.

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“…As a non-exclusive alternative explanation, ocular sparks might act as lures and attract copepods as has been proposed for the fluorescent tentacles of hydromedusae that are assumed to attract fish [44,45]. This however, seems unlikely for prey with poor visual acuity as is true for benthic copepods with just three ocelli [31]. It also does not explain why fish would alternate between two hues in response to the background of the copepod rather than that of the fish itself.…”

Section: Alternative Functions Of Ocular Sparksmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As experimental prey target, we used Tigriopus californicus, an intertidal, benthic, harpacticoid copepod (Crustacea) from the North-American Pacific coast [31]. It is characterised by reflective ocelli (ESM 6, 7).…”

Section: Copepod Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled iris radiance in a diurnal fish looking at prey

Michiels

Seeburger

Kalb

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Active sensing using light, or active photolocation, is only known from deep sea and nocturnal fish with chemiluminescent "search" lights. Bright irides in diurnal fish species have recently been proposed as a potential analogue. Here, we contribute to this discussion by testing whether iris radiance is actively modulated. The focus is on behaviourally controlled iris reflections, called "ocular sparks". The triplefin Tripterygion delaisi can alternate between red and blue ocular sparks, allowing us to test the prediction that spark frequency and hue depend on background hue and prey presence. In a first experiment, we found that blue ocular sparks were significantly more often "on" against red backgrounds, and red ocular sparks against blue backgrounds, particularly when copepods were present. A second experiment tested whether hungry fish showed more ocular sparks, which was not the case.Again, background hue resulted in differential use of ocular spark types. We conclude that iris radiance through ocular sparks in T. delaisi is not a side effect of eye movement, but adaptively modulated in response to the context under which prey are detected. We discuss the possible alternative functions of ocular sparks, including an as yet speculative role in active photolocation.not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.The copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/206615 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Oct. 20, 2017; 3 IntroductionSome animals enhance their sensory systems by actively sending out signals and perceiving the induced reflections of nearby objects. Well-studied examples of active sensing are echolocation with ultrasound in bats and dolphins, and electrolocation using electric fields in some fishes [1]. "Active photolocation", where light is used for probing the environment, seems surprisingly rare [1]. Chemiluminescent deep-sea dragonfishes (Fam. Stomiidae), lanternfishes (Fam. Myctophidae) and flashlight fishes (Fam. Anomalopidae) are currently the only vertebrates assumed to use active photolocation [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. They possess a chemiluminescent subocular light organ whose emission facilitates visual detection of prey [9]. The anatomical location of the light organ next to the pupil is optimal to induce reflective eyeshine (bright pupils or "cat's eyes" effect) in nearby organisms [2]. Reflective eyeshine is a side-effect of the presence of a reflective layer at the back of the eye [10] (ESM 1), which improves vision under dim light [11,12] or plays a role in camouflage [13]. With such a reflective layer present, focusing eyes in particular backscatter or reflect the incoming light directly back to the source [14]. This can explain why light organs are so close to the pupil in species known to exhibit active photolocation [15].Interestingly, many diurnal fishes from the euphotic zone show a similar anatomical configuration with conspicuously bright eyes (figure 1, ESM 2). Rather than involving chemi...

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Photobehavior of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus and the fine structure of its nauplius eye

Cited by 28 publications

References 36 publications

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

Toward a more comprehensive theory of zooplankton diel vertical migration: Integrating ultraviolet radiation and water transparency into the biotic paradigm

The contrariwise life of a parasitic, pedomorphic copepod with a non‐feeding adult: ontogenesis, ecology, and evolution

Controlled iris radiance in a diurnal fish looking at prey

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