Photoactivity, conversion kinetics, nanoreinforcement, post-curing, and electric/dielectric properties of functional 3D printable photopolymer resin filled with bare and alumina-doped ZnO nanoparticles

Matching Low Viscosity with Enhanced Conductivity in Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing: Disparity in the Electric and Rheological Percolation Thresholds of Carbon-Based Nanofillers Is Controlled by the Matrix Type and Filler Dispersion

“…The aromatic resin contained nonreactive aromatic double bonds contributing 80.94% of the total double-bond signal (Figure S4c). 28 Therefore, the conversion was determined from the peak found at 1650− 1600 cm −1 after deconvolution. Due to the single-sided illumination setup used in the 3D printer, we measured both sides of a 1 mm thick 3D printed specimen.…”

“…Incorporating nanofillers into a photopolymer resin may alter its curing properties. 28 The Jacobs working curves for the CB and MWCNTs in the aromatic matrix are depicted in Figure 3a. The calculated values of critical energy (E c ) and penetration depth (D p ) are plotted in Figure 3b and listed in Table S8.…”

“…4,6,27 Some nanofillers may also provide additional contributions such as the photothermal effect or shift of the photoinitiator redox potentials. 28 That is probably why studies employing conductive carbonaceous fillers in vat photopolymerization (VPP) are far less common than the analogical reports on material extrusion techniques.…”

“…This monomer immobilization may lower the critical curing dose needed to form a solid layer and worsen the resin's spreadability. 28 The effect is especially pronounced above the percolation threshold, where a network of physically interconnected fillers is created. This represents a favored state for achieving good conductivity because the continuous conductive path eases the charge transfer through the material.…”

Frontally polymerized foams: thermodynamic and kinetical aspects of front hindrance by particles

“…A possible explanation is the nanoparticle's capability to catalyze the decomposition of the foaming agent, 31 but it could also increase due to the delayed curing. 32 The final part of the ECC and DGEBA reactions are practically independent of the filling (Fig. S4 left, ESI †).…”