Photoactive yellow protein from the purple phototrophic bacterium, Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Quantum yield of photobleaching and effects of temperature, alcohols, glycerol, and sucrose on kinetics of photobleaching and recovery

Abstract

A water-soluble yellow protein from E. halophila was previously shown to be photoactive (Meyer, T. E., E. Yakali, M. A. Cusanovich, and G. Tollin. 1987. Biochemistry. 26:418-423). Pulsed laser excitation in the protein visible absorption band (maximum at 445 nm) causes a rapid bleach of color (k = 7.5 x 10(3) s-1) followed by a slower dark recovery (k = 2.6 s-1). This is analogous to the photocycle of sensory rhodopsin II from Halobacterium (which also has k = 2.6 s-1 for recovery). We have now determined the quantum yield of the photobleaching process to be 0.64, which is comparable with that of bacteriorhodopsin (0.25), and is thus large enough to be biologically significant. Although the photoreactions of yellow protein were previously shown to be relatively insensitive to pH, ionic strength and the osmoregulator betaine, the present experiments demonstrate that temperature, glycerol, sucrose, and various alcohol-water mixtures strongly influence the kinetics of photobleaching and recovery. The effect of temperature follows normal Arrhenius behavior for the bleach reaction (Ea = 15.5 kcal/mol). The rate constant for the recovery reaction increases with temperature between 5 degrees C and 35 degrees C, but decreases above 35 degrees C indicating alternate conformations with differing kinetics. There is an order of magnitude decrease in the rate constant for photobleaching in both glycerol and sucrose solutions that can be correlated with the changes in viscosity. We conclude from this that the protein undergoes a conformational change as a consequence of the photoinduced bleach. Recovery kinetics are affected by glycerol and sucrose to a much smaller extent and in a more complicated manner. Aliphatic, monofunctional alcohol-water solutions increase the rate constant for the bleach reaction and decrease the rate constant for the recovery reaction, each by an order of magnitude. These effects do not correlate with dielectric constant, indicating that the photocycle probably does not involve separation or recombination of charge accessible to the protein surface. However, the effects on both bleaching and recovery correlate well with the relative hydrophobicity(as measured by partition coefficients in detergent/water mixtures), in the order of increasing effectiveness:methanol < ethanol < iso-propanol <n-propanol < n-butanol. We conclude that the change in conformation of the protein induced by light exposes a hydrophobic site to the solvent. This suggests the possibility that light exerts its effect in vivo by exposing a region of the protein for binding to a hydrophobic receptor site in the cell, perhaps to a protein analogous to the chemotactic transducers in the cytoplasmic membranes of enteric bacteria.

On the absorbance changes in the photocycle of the photoactive yellow protein: A quantum-chemical analysis

“…Despite the fact that both the PYP L intermediate in solution (1,6,7,27) and the crystal structure reported by Perman et al (10) develop in the nanosecond time scale, we cannot establish a relationship between the electronic spectrum described theoretically for structure III and the recorded feature for PYP L (Ϸ2.7 eV).…”

Primary steps of the photoactive yellow protein: Isolated chromophore dynamics and protein directed function

“…4 (perpendicular plane). The momentum carried by the twisted state along the reaction coordinate is conserved better in the protein than in the isolated system because of the ultrashort interaction time in the CI region, and therefore more cis isomers can be formed with high reaction quantum yield (0.24-0.64) (8,11,28,29). That is a critical design by the protein environment to enhance trans-to-cis isomerization in the PYP photocycle.…”

Evidence for Proton Transfer from Glu-46 to the Chromophore during the Photocycle of Photoactive Yellow Protein

“…This could be due to the effect of the presence of glycerol at high concentration, because it suppresses the decay of PYP L but accelerates the decay of PYP M (20). In the method used here, the film sample can be frozen with no increase in turbidity, and the addition of glycerol was not necessary for the low temperature experiments, thus removing impediments to the formation of PYP M .…”