Photonic crystals based on mesoporous thin-film multilayers
have
generated great interest in the field of sensing due to their high
sensibility to small changes in the medium refractive index. However,
they usually include silica-based porous oxides in their composition,
a material whose stability in water is low. This feature could limit
the sensors performance in long-term operation. In this work, various
photonic crystals based on Si, Ti, and Zr mesoporous pure and hybrid
oxide thin films were exposed to water and their optical, structural,
and mechanical properties were evaluated as a function of contact
time, either in batch or in flow conditions. The thickness, porosity,
and pore ordering of the layers were followed by means of electron
microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray reflectivity,
and the mechanical properties were evaluated by nanoindentation. In
addition, the aqueous media in contact with the multilayered systems
was characterized by X-ray fluorescence to determine the presence
of dissolved species. Finally, the vapor detection capabilities of
the different systems was evaluated. The obtained results indicate
that the photonic bands move toward shorter wavelengths as the contact
time with water increases, indicating material loss, in accordance
with the behavior of the photonic crystal building blocks. Moreover,
the mechanical properties of the systems are affected by changes in
the composition of the layers as a result of the selective dissolution
of specific components. However, no structural collapse of the porous
materials is observed that also remain responsive to vapors, indicating
that the multilayers are affected in a limited way by water contact.