“…To address these challenges, we employed time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL), a technique that directly provides information about the transient structure of molecules in the liquid solution phase. TRXL is a potent technique that combines the pump–probe scheme with X-ray scattering, enabling extraction of molecular structures of short-lived species in solution during chemical reactions from the change in the X-ray scattering signal over time. , Indeed, TRXL has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for investigating the structural dynamics of metal complexes, including metal photocatalysts. − However, prior to this work, TRXL has not been applied to a solution containing both a photocatalyst and its substrate; in essence, TRXL had not been used to study a photocatalyst “in action”. To fill this gap, in this study, we aim to exploit the advantages of TRXL to investigate the structural dynamics, including the structures of reaction intermediates, of a Ce-based photocatalyst with its substrate.…”