Photoacoustic Techniques for Trace Gas Sensing Based on Semiconductor Laser Sources

Elia, Angela Rita; Lugarà, Pietro Mario; Franco, Cinzia Di; Spagnolo, Vincenzo

doi:10.3390/s91209616

Cited by 188 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy is widely used for tracing gas analysis [1,2]. The influence of noise becomes more significant when the concentration of target gas decreases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B Mariusz Suchenek M.Suchenek@elka.pw.edu.pl 1 The Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland sample (gas, solid, liquid) or from external acoustic noise. One of the most common methods used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is to place measured specimens into the cell [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Tracking Resonance Frequency Method for Photoacoustic Measurements Based on the Phase Response

Suchenek

2017

Int J Thermophys

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One of the major issues in the use of the resonant photoacoustic cell is the resonance frequency of the cell. The frequency is not stable, and its changes depend mostly on temperature and gas mixture. This paper presents a new method for tracking resonance frequency, where both the amplitude and phase are calculated from the input samples. The stimulating frequency can be adjusted to the resonance frequency of the cell based on the phase. This method was implemented using a digital measurement system with an analog to digital converter, field programmable gate array (FPGA) and a microcontroller. The resonance frequency was changed by the injection of carbon dioxide into the cell. A theoretical description and experimental results are also presented.

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“…Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy is widely used for tracing gas analysis [1,2]. The influence of noise becomes more significant when the concentration of target gas decreases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tracking Resonance Frequency Method for Photoacoustic Measurements Based on the Phase Response

Suchenek

2017

Int J Thermophys

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“…Gas sensors based on the photoacoustic effect allow direct measurement of the light absorbed by the sample and thus present high sensitivity and large dynamic range [1][2][3][4][5]. The photoacoustic effect consists of conversion of absorbed light energy into acoustical waves, which can be detected with a sound pickup device (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-infrared resonant photoacoustic gas measurement using simultaneous dual-frequency excitation

et al. 2010

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The simultaneous dual-frequency operation of a resonant photoacoustic gas sensor based on the differential mode excitation photoacoustic (DME-PA) technique is presented. The DME-PA method uses the excitation of two different modes in a resonant photoacoustic cell and the gas concentration is derived from the amplitude ratio of these acoustic modes. With the simultaneous dual-frequency excitation, the amplitude ratio needed by the DME-PA technique is obtained instantaneously, in contrast to the sequential modulation scheme where additional time delays are introduced by changing the modulation frequency. For a given excitation power reaching the photoacoustic cell, and a total acquisition time longer than 7 s, the simultaneous modulation scheme provides an improved measurement uncertainty compared to the sequential scheme. The proposed sensor allows measuring water vapour with a ±150 ppmV uncertainty using current-modulated near-infrared LEDs and a 15 s total acquisition time.

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“…The absolute soot volume fraction is found either by calibration based on optical extinction measurements [8,9] or by a two-colour approach in which a second filtered detector collects light from the same measurement volume, and the ratio of signals is used to determine the peak particle temperature [10,11]. A feature of this type of experimental set-up is that a high-power pulsed laser source and relatively fast photodetectors or intensified cameras are required.Photoacoustic (PA) detection has been used to make highly sensitive laser absorption measurements in a number of applications, such as IR spectroscopy [12]. The principle of photoacoustic detection of particles is that absorption of the incident laser energy leads to an increase in the temperature of the particle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photoacoustic (PA) detection has been used to make highly sensitive laser absorption measurements in a number of applications, such as IR spectroscopy [12]. The principle of photoacoustic detection of particles is that absorption of the incident laser energy leads to an increase in the temperature of the particle.…”

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confidence: 99%

A simple photoacoustic method for the in situ study of soot distribution in flames

et al. 2015

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of soot formation during combustion is a key step in developing soot reduction strategies [3,4].Optical measurement techniques are ideally suited for combustion environments because they generally cause negligible perturbation to the combustion process. One of the most widely used optical techniques for the study of particulate matter in flames is laser-induced incandescence (LII). Typical LII experimental schemes use a high-power pulsed laser source (such as a solid-state Nd:YAG laser) [5] to heat the soot particles. The resulting thermal emission is then detected, usually over a narrow range of wavelengths selected using either a system of optical filters [6] or a monochromator [7]. The peak signal level provides a measure of the relative soot volume fraction. The absolute soot volume fraction is found either by calibration based on optical extinction measurements [8,9] or by a two-colour approach in which a second filtered detector collects light from the same measurement volume, and the ratio of signals is used to determine the peak particle temperature [10,11]. A feature of this type of experimental set-up is that a high-power pulsed laser source and relatively fast photodetectors or intensified cameras are required.Photoacoustic (PA) detection has been used to make highly sensitive laser absorption measurements in a number of applications, such as IR spectroscopy [12]. The principle of photoacoustic detection of particles is that absorption of the incident laser energy leads to an increase in the temperature of the particle. Heat is transferred from the particles to the surrounding gas, resulting in the expansion of the gas [13]. A change in laser intensity leads to a change in the rate of heat transfer, and an acoustic pressure wave can therefore be established by modulating the intensity of the laser [14]. The pressure wave can be detected using a microphone, and its amplitude measured using a lock-in amplifier. This method of detection has a further advantage Abstract This paper presents a simple photoacoustic technique capable of quantifying soot volume fraction across a range of flame conditions. The output of a highpower (30 W) 808-nm cw-diode laser was modulated in order to generate an acoustic pressure wave via laser heating of soot within the flame. The generated pressure wave was detected using a micro-electro-mechanical microphone mounted close to a porous-plug flat-flame burner. Measurements were taken using the photoacoustic technique in flames of three different equivalence ratios and were compared to laser-induced incandescence. The results presented here show good agreement between the two techniques and show the potential of the photoacoustic method as a way to measure soot volume fraction profiles in this type of flame. We discuss the potential to implement this technique with much lower laser power than was used in the experiments presented here.

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Photoacoustic Techniques for Trace Gas Sensing Based on Semiconductor Laser Sources

Abstract: The paper provides an overview on the use of photoacoustic sensors based on semiconductor laser sources for the detection of trace gases. We review the results obtained using standard, differential and quartz enhanced photoacoustic techniques.

Cited by 188 publications

References 60 publications

The Tracking Resonance Frequency Method for Photoacoustic Measurements Based on the Phase Response

The Tracking Resonance Frequency Method for Photoacoustic Measurements Based on the Phase Response

Near-infrared resonant photoacoustic gas measurement using simultaneous dual-frequency excitation

A simple photoacoustic method for the in situ study of soot distribution in flames

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