Photoacoustic measurements of red blood cell oxygen saturation in blood bags in situ

Pinto, Ruben N.; Bagga, Karan; Douplik, Alexandre; Acker, Jason P.; Kolios, Michael C.

doi:10.1117/12.2253530

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Further investigation is needed to analyze how strongly the RSPP correlates with other key morphometric and physiological storage lesion parameters; one such study has explored the quantitative overlap in RSPP and oxygen saturation (47). The IFC assay has the potential to fill this void in transfusion medicine research.…”

Section: Practical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RSPP, providing an estimate of the relative percentage of SECs, could be used as a quality metric or be part of the quality control program for stored RCC units. Further investigation is needed to analyze how strongly the RSPP correlates with other key morphometric and physiological storage lesion parameters; one such study has explored the quantitative overlap in RSPP and oxygen saturation (47). Studying its correlation with other storage lesion parameters could yield an estimate toward an absolute RSPP threshold that indicates viability for transfusion.…”

Section: Practical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Label‐Free Analysis of Red Blood Cell Storage Lesions Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

et al. 2019

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Deleterious changes, collectively termed as storage lesions, alter the characteristics of red blood cell (RBC) morphology during in vitro storage. Due to gradual loss of cellular membrane, RBCs lose their original biconcave disk shape and begin a process of spherical deformation that is characterized by well-defined morphological criteria. At the spheroechinocyte stage, the structure of RBC is irreversibly damaged and lacks the elasticity necessary to efficiently deliver oxygen. Quantifying the prevalence of spheroechinocytes could provide an important morphological measure of the quality of stored blood products. Unlike the conventional RBC morphology characterization assay involving light microscopy, we introduce a label-free assay using imaging flow cytometry (IFC). The technique captures 100,000 images of a sample and calculates a relative measure of spheroechinocyte population in a fraction of the time required by the conventional method. A comparative method study, measuring a morphological index for 11 RCC units through storage, found that the two techniques measured similar trends with IFC reporting the metric at an average of 3.9% higher. We monitored 18 RCC units between Weeks 1 and 6 of storage and found that the spheroechinocyte population increased by an average of 26.2%. The large (3.5-64.1%) variation between the units' spheroechinocyte population percentage at Week 1 suggests a possible dependence of blood product quality on donor characteristics. Given our method's ability to rapidly monitor large samples and refine morphological characterization beyond conventional methods, we believe our technique offers good potential for studying the underlying relationships between RBC morphology and blood storage lesions.Key terms deformability; erythrocyte; imaging flow cytometry; red blood cell morphology; storage lesion CURRENTLY, blood banks and hospital laboratories are devoid of convenient, label-free techniques to measure the morphological distribution of red blood cells (RBCs) stored in vitro. Parameters such as membrane shape and deformability are critical for understanding an RBC's functional efficacy as an oxygen transporter (1). Microscopy-related assays, considered the gold standard for RBC morphology analysis, stain and smear samples prior to manual characterization. High-throughput assays that can measure RBCs within environments closely resembling in vivo conditions could obtain a more insightful assessment of the morphology distribution.RBCs are stored in vitro primarily to enhance the oxygen carrying capacity of vulnerable patients via transfusions (2). Blood banks extract RBCs from donated blood using customized separation techniques and suspend the cells in a preservative fluid to increase its shelf-life (3). During storage of this red cell concentrate (RCC), typically set at a maximum of 6 weeks, RBCs undergo a sequence of significant biochemical and biomechanical changes, which have been collectively termed hypothermic storage lesions (4,5). RBC storage lesions cause the formation of m...

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Section: Practical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Label‐Free Analysis of Red Blood Cell Storage Lesions Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

et al. 2019

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“…The probes are coupled to a Nd:YAG laser which operates through an optical parametric oscillator generating tunable wavelengths between 680–970 nm at 20 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 6 ns pulse duration and a pulse energy of approximately 25–30 mJ . Both PA probes were illuminated at 750 nm and 850 nm to take advantage of the unique spectral signatures of oxyHb and deoxyHb for SO 2 calculations .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A custom‐built blood bag container was designed in‐house to measure the RCC units using water as a coupling medium for the detection of PA waves. To minimize prolonged exposure of RCC units to non‐refrigerated temperatures, the container was filled with cold deionized water.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of photoacoustic imaging for the non‐invasive quality management of stored blood bags

et al. 2019

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Background and Objectives During the in vitro storage of red blood cells (RBCs), unfavourable changes (storage lesions) cause a rapid consumption of intracellular diphosphoglycerate. The latter deregulates the oxygen‐haemoglobin binding potential, subsequently increasing oxygen saturation (SO2) and membrane degradation, transforming RBCs from biconcave discs to rigid spherical bodies (spheroechinocytes). Current laboratory techniques invasively extract RBC samples to assess the quality of red cell concentrate (RCC) units. Optical technologies could provide a means of assessing quality non‐invasively. Materials and Methods A photoacoustic (PA) imaging technique was developed for acquiring the SO2 of blood bags non‐invasively. Seven RCC units were monitored every 3–5 days until expiry (6 weeks). Measurements were validated against a conventional blood gas analyzer (BGA). Using an image flow cytometry assay, morphological profile trends were compared against the SO2 trends during blood bag storage. Results A strong correlation (r2 ≥ 0·95) was found when comparing temporal data between PA and BGA SO2 measurements. Inter‐sample PA variability was found to be similar to that produced by BGA (±0·8%). A strong correlation was found to exist between the temporal changes in SO2 and relative spheroechinocyte population (0·79 ≤ r2 ≤ 0·97). Conclusion This study suggests that PA imaging can non‐invasively track the SO2 of stored RBCs non‐invasively. By longitudinally monitoring the change in SO2, it is possible to infer the effects of the storage lesion on RBC morphology. This non‐invasive monitoring technique allows for the assessment of blood bags, without compromising sterility pre‐transfusion.

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Photoacoustic measurements of red blood cell oxygen saturation in blood bags in situ

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Label‐Free Analysis of Red Blood Cell Storage Lesions Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Label‐Free Analysis of Red Blood Cell Storage Lesions Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Feasibility of photoacoustic imaging for the non‐invasive quality management of stored blood bags

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