Photo-mediated and advanced oxidative processes applied for the treatment of effluents with drugs used for the treatment of early COVID-19: Review

Albornoz, Louidi Lauer; Soroka, V.D.; Silva, M.C.A.

doi:10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100140

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Conventional systems are designed to remove degradable organic pollutants in the range of mg/L; however, pharmaceutical drugs are present at low concentrations (ng/L–µg/L) and released through domestic, hospital, and industrial effluents due to their characteristics, such as absorption capacity, chemistry form, volatilization, biodegradation, stability, and polarity (Albornoz et al 2021 ),which can destabilize these systems.…”

Section: Pharmaceutical Drugs Used In the Sars-cov-2 Pandemic: Chemic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The essence of the photo-Fenton (PF) process is to accelerate the reduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ by using the energy provided by light (290–400 nm) (Albornoz et al 2021 ) (Eq. 6 ), the combination of UV or visible light with a conventional Fenton reaction can enhance the catalytic capacity of the catalyst and promote the direct photolysis of H 2 O 2 to HO • (Eq.…”

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar irradiation could be used as the irradiation source because it is ecologically clean and is not considered harmful; on the other hand, the main disadvantages have been identified, such as weather dependence and efficiency in the rainy season or on cloudy days, and in continuous systems, the solution can be heated during the treatment, favoring H 2 O 2 decomposition. For this reason, the reactor design is important, and only 5% of solar irradiation is made up of UV radiation (Albornoz et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct photodegradation occurs through the absorption of solar radiation energy or UV lamps by organic matter, allowing the formation of an excited state that leads to their degradation (Luo et al 2018 ). Indirect photodegradation occurs when certain molecules absorb photons, which provides the energy required to excite specific electrons and form oxidizing species (called photosensitizers), such as HO • and peroxyl radicals (ROO • ), by the action of solar radiation, mainly by UV-C radiation due to their capacity to promote the cleavage of chemical bonds (Albornoz et al 2021 ). In real wastewater, the presence of inorganic ions (NO 3 − , NO 2 − , HCO 3 − , CO 3 2− , Cl − , Fe 3+ ) can affect photodegradation because they act as photosensitizer scavengers of radicals and as irradiation filters (Oliveira et al 2019 ), and the process is highly dependent on the pH of the solution due to the pKa value.…”

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 pharmaceutical drugs: a critical review on the environmental impacts, chemical characteristics, and behavior of advanced oxidation processes in water

Castañeda-Juárez

Linares-Hernández

Martínez-Miranda

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This review summarizes research data on the pharmaceutical drugs used to treat the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, their characteristics, environmental impacts, and the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) applied to remove them. A literature survey was conducted using the electronic databases Science Direct, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Springer. This complete research includes and discusses relevant studies that involve the introduction, pharmaceutical drugs used in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: chemical characteristics and environmental impact, advanced oxidation process (AOP), future trends and discussion, and conclusions. The results show a full approach in the versatility of AOPs as a promising solution to minimize the environmental impact associated with these compounds by the fact that they offer different ways for hydroxyl radical production. Moreover, this article focuses on introducing the fundamentals of each AOP, the main parameters involved, and the concomitance with other sources and modifications over the years. Photocatalysis, sonochemical technologies, electro-oxidation, photolysis, Fenton reaction, ozone, and sulfate radical AOP have been used to mineralize SARS-CoV-2 pharmaceutical compounds, and the efficiencies are greater than 65%. According to the results, photocatalysis is the main technology currently applied to remove these pharmaceuticals. This process has garnered attention because solar energy can be directly utilized; however, low photocatalytic efficiencies and high costs in large-scale practical applications limit its use. Furthermore, pharmaceuticals in the environment are diverse and complex. Finally, the review also provides ideas for further research needs and major concerns. Graphical abstract

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Section: Pharmaceutical Drugs Used In the Sars-cov-2 Pandemic: Chemic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advanced Oxidation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

SARS-CoV-2 pharmaceutical drugs: a critical review on the environmental impacts, chemical characteristics, and behavior of advanced oxidation processes in water

Castañeda-Juárez

Linares-Hernández

Martínez-Miranda

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, a high environmental risk is expected for this drug, even if its removal in WWTPs is significant (up to 75 %). In the case of HCQ, there are only few studies on its environmental behavior ( Albornoz et al, 2021 ; Dabić et al, 2019 ). Some studies suggest its persistence capacity in aquatic and terrestrial environments, due to its low biodegradability and high hydrophilicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%