Photo-Cross-Linking To Delineate Epigenetic Interactome

Abstract

Covalent modifications of DNA and histones are key cellular epigenetic marks to regulate gene functions. Most of these epigenetic marks are added or removed by corresponding enzymes known as writers and erasers, whose catalytic activities normally rely on the presence of cellular metabolites as cofactors. Epigenetic marks can either directly alter the chromatin structure and dynamics through changing the intra-/internucleosomal histone–histone and histone–DNA interactions or recruit readers that further bring in other proteins with chromatin-modifying/remodeling activities to reshape the local and regional chromatin organization. In these two ways, epigenetic modifications modulate diverse DNA-templated processes, such as gene transcription, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair. Therefore, elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms and biological significance of epigenetic marks requires the identification and characterization of the protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, and protein–small molecule interactions that control the underlying epigenetic processes. Here, we review the recent advances in using photo-cross-linking strategies to interrogate the epigenetic interactome, focusing on the protein–protein interactions mediated by epigenetic marks in histone tails. We also discuss future directions of developing photo-cross-linking-based tools and methods toward the investigation of the binding events in nucleosomal/chromatinic contexts, and toward the in situ capture of the epigenetic interactome in live cells or even organisms.