Photo-Biocatalysis: Biotransformations in the Presence of Light

Abstract

Light has received increased attention for various chemical reactions but also in combination with biocatalytic reactions. Because currently only a few enzymatic reactions are known, which per se require light, most transformations involving light and a biocatalyst exploit light either for providing the cosubstrate or cofactor in an appropriate redox state for the biotransformation. In selected cases, a promiscuous activity of known enzymes in the presence of light could be induced. In other approaches, light-induced chemical reactions have been combined with a biocatalytic step, or light-induced biocatalytic reactions were combined with chemical reactions in a linear cascade. Finally, enzymes with a light switchable moiety have been investigated to turn off/on or tune the actual reaction. This Review gives an overview of the various approaches for using light in biocatalysis.

Retracted: Combined Photoredox/Enzymatic C−H Benzylic Hydroxylations

“…[13] In particular, the merger of photocatalysis with biocatalysis has gained increased attention recently. [14] In general, these two reaction manifolds are suitable candidates for combination because photocatalytic reactions typically occur at or neat ambient temperature and proceed through reactive intermediates that are stable towards water and function groups in proteins.O fp articular note,the Hartwig laboratory disclosed atandem cooperative photocatalytic/ene-reductase reaction to afford enantioenriched chiral building blocks. [14c] TheH yster laboratory disclosed utilizing photocatalysis in combination with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) dependent ketoreductases (KREDs) [14a] and ene-reductases [14b,15] to facilitate non-native enzymatic reactivity.T he Hçhne and Schmidt laboratories demonstrated the combination of photocatalytic C À Hf unctionalization with benzaldehyde lyases, ene-reductases,k etoreductases and aminotransferases;h owever,t his chemistry was limited to low conversion and restricted substrate classes.…”

TiO2‐Based Photocatalysis at the Interface with Biology and Biomedicine

“…In recent years, there has been increasing interest in combining enzymes with photoresponsive materials to obtain smart catalysts with improved properties . In particular, the combination of high catalytic rates exhibited by enzymes with the outstanding photophysical properties of nanomaterials can provide catalytic methodologies involving ET processes . The most widely used photo‐biocatalysts make use of cb electrons of SCs, which are transferred to the redox center of enzymes.…”

“…[90] In particular, the combination of high catalytic rates exhibitedb ye nzymes with the outstanding photophysical properties of nanomaterials can provide catalytic methodologies involving ET processes. [91] The most widely used photobiocatalysts make use of cb electrons of SCs, which are transferred to the redox centero fe nzymes.P hotoactivation can be achieved through direct (Figure 14, path II) or indirect transfer, with amediator ( Figure 14, path I).…”

Photoenzymatic Approaches in Organic Synthesis

“…Since there have been several comprehensive reviews on modes D and E, this minireview will not include these two modes. Although a recent excellent review by Kourist and Kroutil includes some examples of the first three modes (ie, Mode A, B and C), comprehensive reviews with respect to the updated progress of photoenzymatic approaches via these modes are still in short.…”