“…The advantage of UCNP surface modification is also the possibility of introducing functional groups allowing the attachment of a large number of biomolecules such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, DNAs, drugs, photosensitizers, etc., which facilitate specific targeting and treatment. These functional groups consist of carboxyl, amino, thiol, maleimide, aldehyde, phosphate, bisphosphonate, sulfonate, and even o-nitrobenzyl groups [24]. General surface engineering strategies of UCNPs include ligand oxidation, replacement, or removal of hydrophobic stabilizers, as well as silanization, layer-by-layer assembly, coating with amphiphilic polymers, etc.…”