Phosphorylation of Cotton Cellulose with Baker's Yeast Hexokinase

Characterisation and properties of homo- and heterogenously phosphorylated nanocellulose

“…The creating of negatively charged phosphoric groups (such as cellulose phosphate or cellulose phosphite) on cellulose is a well-known strategy when producing materials applicable in orthopaedics (Petreus et al, 2014), biomedical (Granja et al, 2001a(Granja et al, , 2001bLi, Wang, Liu, Xiong, & Liu, 2012;Mucalo, Kato, & Yokogawa, 2009), textile (Aoki & Nishio, 2010;Tzanov, Stamenova, & Cavaco-Paulo, 2002), plastics (as flame-retardants' fillers) (Gérard, Fontaine, & Bourbigot, 2010), fuel cell (Ma & Sahai, 2013) bio-chemical separation (as cation exchangers) (Suflet, Chitanu, & Popa, 2006), and other applications (such as protein adsorbents) (Oshima, Taguchi, Ohe, & Baba, 2011).…”

“…Thus, the phosphorylation of cotton (Tzanov et al, 2002) or NFC (Božič, Liu, Mathew, & Kokol, 2014) using site-specific hexokinase-mediated reactions in the presence of phosphoryl donor adenosine-5 -triphosphate was achieved with low DS of up to 0.43 at the C6 hydroxyl group of the cellulose glucopyranose ring. This paper was thus the first study on chemical phosphorylation of nano-sized fibrillated and crystalline cellulose using heterogeneous (with aqueous phosphoric acid) and homogeneous (with phosphoric acid in molten urea) methods, respectively, and also providing the dimensional, surface chemistry, crystalline and thermal, as well as hydrolytic stability characterisations of the obtained derivatives.…”

Isolation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose: Necessity of Enzymes over Chemicals

“…For this reaction to be processed, it is necessary to provide Mg ions or other bivalent metal ions, which undergo a non‐enzymatic reaction, predominantly with the β and γ phosphoryl groups of ATP, providing a favorable MgATP 2− conformation to bind to the active site of the enzyme. In a recent study, enzyme hexokinase has been used for phosphorylation of cotton cellulose and the results showed enhanced flame‐resistance properties . Recently, Bozic et al confirmed the enzyme‐mediated phosphorylation of CNFs by using hexokinase and adenosine‐5‐triphosphate in the presence of Mg‐ions, resulting in the creation of phosphate groups predominantly at the C‐6‐O positioned hydroxyl groups of the cellulose monomer rings.…”

New substrates for reliable enzymes: enzymatic modification of polymers

“…Recently, cotton cellulose has been phosphorylated using a hexokinase from baker's yeast; ATP was the phosphoryl donor in the reaction and primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose were phosphorylated. Despite the high cost of ATP, the process looks promising as the phosphorylation of cellulose enhanced dyeability and flame resistance [29].…”