Phosphorus volatility of engine oils: Use of the phosphorus emission index

Selby, Theodore W.

doi:10.1002/tt.3020110307

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…As the allowed phosphorus concentration has decreased, the search for phosphate esters that are effective at lower and lower concentrations and for non phosphorus additives has increased. Some studies, however, have indicated that phosphorus concentration in the oil and oil volatility do not predict phosphorus emissions [7] and some additives that contain phosphorus, do not contribute to phosphorus in the exhaust stream depending on their molecular structure [8]. There are, however concerns about long term toxicity of many of these compounds and their degradation products remain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives

Johnson

Hils

2013

Lubricants

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Phosphate esters, thiophosphate esters and metal thiophosphates have been used as lubricant additives for over 50 years. While their use has been extensive, a detailed knowledge of how they work has been a much more recent development. In this paper, the use of phosphate esters and thiophosphate esters as anti-wear or extreme pressure additives is reviewed with an emphasis on their mechanism of action. The review includes the use of alkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates and metal containing thiophosphate esters. The mechanisms of these materials interacting with a range of iron and steel based bearing material are examined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives

Johnson

Hils

2013

Lubricants

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“…It was speculated that this lack of correlation with initial phosphorus additive concentration could be explained by either or both 1) effects of other engine oil additives and 2) variations in the chemistry of the phosphorus additives. A 2002 field study conducted by Ford Motor Company of catalyst degradation by phosphorus-containing oils [10] was subsequently shown to correlate with the PEI data generated from the Selby-Noack bench test and, further, showed that phosphorus volatilization was strongly affected by other oil additives [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Analysis of the Volatiles Generated During the Selby-Noack Test by 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Bosch¹,

Fee²,

Selby³

2005

Elemental Analysis of Fuels and Lubricants: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

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A series of engine oil samples collected during a study of their Phosphorus Emission Index values were analyzed by 31 P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (The PEI analyses themselves were presented in an associated paper [1]). NMR spectra were generated to obtain and explain the mode of formation and identity of the phosphorus-containing species in the volatiles generated during the Selby-Noack volatility test and compare these species to those found in both the fresh oil and the residual oil remaining after the volatility test.

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“…The figures show the additives present as well as the level of phosphorus deposits and the NO x emissions for each oil. This study of field test oils resulted in three important findings on the questions raised in the earlier work [19][20][21] regarding the significance of PEI and the effects of other oil additives:…”

Section: Correlation Of Pei With Field Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PEI is defined as milligrams of phosphorus volatilized per liter of fresh oil based on results obtained in the special Noack test. Repeatability was tested and shown in past papers [20,21].…”

Section: Phosphorus Emission Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Additive Chemistry and Its Effects on the Phosphorus Volatility of Engine Oils

Selby¹,

Bosch

Fee

2005

Journal of ASTM International

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The most widely used and effective anti-wear/anti-oxidation additives in engine oil contain phosphorus that can partially volatilize during engine operation. Unfortunately, volatile phosphorus in the exhaust stream degrades the function of the exhaust catalyst in reducing air pollution. Earlier studies in a special volatility bench test using the Phosphorus Emission Index have shown that phosphorus volatility is not related to engine oil volatility or to phosphorus content in the unused engine oil. At the time, it had been speculated that this unexpected lack of correlation with initial phosphorus concentration could be explained by 1) the effects of other engine oil additives and/or 2) variations in the phosphorus additive chemistry. The first speculation was relatively recently confirmed by taxi fleet studies of catalyst degradation by phosphorus-containing oils by the Ford Motor Company. It remained to determine if differences in phosphorus additive chemistry were also a factor, and this is the subject of the present study.

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Phosphorus volatility of engine oils: Use of the phosphorus emission index

Abstract: The concept and principles of the phosphorus emission index (PEI)

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives

Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters and Metal Thiophosphates as Lubricant Additives

Analysis of the Volatiles Generated During the Selby-Noack Test by 31P NMR Spectroscopy

Phosphorus Additive Chemistry and Its Effects on the Phosphorus Volatility of Engine Oils

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