Phosphorus requirement of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL) based on growth and mineralization

Abstract

The e¡ect of diets supplemented with varied levels of inorganic phosphorus (P) (NaH 2 PO 4 ) on the growth, body composition, nutrient digestibility and mineralization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) was evaluated to determine the optimum P requirements. The six diets used were DPO, as the basal diet with a total P content of1.30 g kg À 1 , and DP1, DP2, DP3, DP4 and DP5, which contained 4.10, 6.70, 11.6, 14.9 and 23.4 g P kg À 1 respectively. Weight gain, SGR, apparent digestibility coe⁄cient of organic matter and P, whole body ash, P, Ca and Mg increased signi¢cantly with increasing dietary P levels while dry matter (DM), fat and Zn content decreased. Feed conversion ratio was the poorest (Po0.05) in ¢sh fed DPO, suggesting P de¢ciency. The apparent digestibility coe⁄cient of P was 18% in the DPO-fed group, which increased from 69% in DP1 to 92% in DP5 after P supplementation, revealing lower digestibility of the native P than that in NaH 2 PO 4 . Broken-line analyses based on weight gain, P content of ¢sh bones and whole body against total dietary and digestible P (data in brackets) contents showed the optimum P requirement for the growth of common carp to be 6.87 (5.55) g kg À 1 DM, and the requirement for optimum mineralization in bones and whole body to be 9.10 (7.62) and 14.7 (13.2) g kg À 1 . Ã kg À 1 diet: vitamin A, 8050 IU; vitamin D3, 800 IU; vitamin E, 150.5 mg; vitamin K3, 5.90 mg; vitamin C, 268.3 mg; thiamin HCl, 19.6 mg; ribo£avin 30.8 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 14.7 mg; vitamin B 12 0.10 mg; Ca-D-pantothenate, 56.0 mg; nicotinic acid, 100.1mg; folic acid, 6.20 mg; inositol, 199.5 mg; biotin, 0.50 mg mixed with maize starch. mg. DPO, diet without supplemental P; DP1, diet supplemented with 2.5 g P kg À 1 ; DP2, diet supplemented with 5 g P kg À 1 ; DP3, diet supplemented with 10 g P g À 1 ; DP4, diet supplemented with 15 g P kg À 1 ; DP5, diet supplemented with 20 g P kg À 1 .Phosphorus for carp growth and mineralization L C Nwanna et al.Means on a row followed by similar superscripts are not di¡erent (P40.05). DPO, diet without supplemental P; DP1, diet supplemented with 2.5 g P kg À 1 ; DP2, diet supplemented with 5 g P kg À 1 ; DP3, diet supplemented with 10 g P g À 1 ; DP4, diet supplemented with 15 g P kg À 1 ; DP5, diet supplemented with 20 g P kg À 1 .Aquaculture Research, 2010, 41, 401^410 Phosphorus for carp growth and mineralization L C Nwanna et al.

Compound feeds and cereals as potential tools for improved carp Cyprinus carpio production

“…Additionally, diet also has an influence on the chemical composition of fish, e.g. with mineral concentrations over the whole of the fish's body highly correlated with phosphorus level in the diet (Nwanna et al 2008(Nwanna et al , 2010. In our study, phosphorus concentration in the fish's body was correlated with an increase in phosphorus in the diet, though high variability between samples meant that the correlations were not significant.…”

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“…Suboptimal mineral supply leads to biochemical changes in the metabolism and inadequate storage of minerals without showing clinical symptoms 22 , while over supply of minerals at subtoxic levels can cause metabolic changes without leading to external symptoms 18 . The study investigated the effect of different levels of phosphorus (P) (CaHPO 4 ) on growth and mineral concentration in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus with a view to determining the optimum P requirement for the growth of the fish.…”

“…The requirement of hybrid African catfish (C. gariepinus × Heterobranchus bidorsalis) is 6-8 g P/kg of diet 15 , while the estimated P requirement for African catfish fry and fingerlings is 10-12 g/kg diet 16 . However, it is known that relative availability of P varies greatly with diet composition, P sources, fish species, and their sizes 17,18 . Therefore the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of different levels of inorganic P as dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO 4 ) on the growth and mineralization in African catfish juveniles with a view to determining the optimum P requirements for the fish.…”

Phosphorus Requirement and Optimum Level of Dietary Supplementation with Magnesium Hydrogen Phosphate (MgHPO4) Recovered from Swine Manure for Juvenile Carp Cyprinus carpio

“…WG 0.37 0.54% (Ketola and Richmond, 1994;Rodehutscord, 1996;Sugiura et al, 2007). (Schaefer et al, 1995;Kim et al, 1998;Nwanna et al, 2010;Xie et al, 2011) WG 0.5-0.7% . Sugiura et al (2000) 203 400 g 0.66 0.55% .…”

“…, 0.02-0.6 mg/L (Lall, 1991) . , (Auer et al, 1986 Ogino and Takeda (1976) , (available phosphorus: AP) 0.5-0.7% (Schaefer et al, 1995;Kim et al, 1998;Sugiura et al, 2000;Nwanna et al, 2010;Xie et al, 2011).…”