Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis

Veen, I. van der; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067

Cited by 2,298 publications

(1,531 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Furthermore, trunk curvature was the main phenotype after TDCPP exposure in 96-hpf zebrafish larvae, possibly because of the effects of TDCPP on somite, fast muscle, and cartilage development. However, the concentrations of TDCPP that embryos were exposed to and present in zebrafish larvae in order to cause measurable alterations in the parameters measured in the present study were several orders of magnitude greater than those reported for biota, 34 but due to the increased use and increased frequency of detection of TDCPP in the environment, our results warrant the need for further research to evaluate the potential impacts on of this chemical in wildlife and human embryos, infants, or children. …”

Section: ■ Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…To meet fire safety standards, according to related acts (e.g., the California Technical Bulletin 117 and the Underwriters' Laboratories 94), increasingly more FRs are being used in the manufacture of furniture and plastic materials included in domestic devices and appliances, 1 and total consumption in Europe in 2006 was estimated to be 465,000 tonnes. 1 Recently, FRs were found to have a global distribution in the environment and in wildlife, 1,2 and it was suggested that 99% of the US population had detectable levels of FRs chemicals in their bodies. 3 Among FRs, concerns about tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) have increased due to its high volume of use, frequent detection in the environment, and potential toxicity.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicogenomic Responses of Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP) Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity

Han²,

Zhou³

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

103

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Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is frequently present in indoor dust and can be detected in human milk. In order to evaluate the effects of TDCPP on vertebrate development, zebrafish embryos/larvae were used as an animal model to examine developmental phenotypes and explore possible mechanisms of toxicity by employing microarrays and iTRAQ labeling quantitative proteomics. The results demonstrated that treatment with TDCPP (3 μM) from 0.75 h postfertilization (hpf) inhibited cell rearrangement at 4 hpf, caused delay in epiboly at 5.7 and 8.5 hpf, and led to abnormal development (e.g., short tail, reduced body size) and lethality between 14 and 45 hpf, which might be related with altered expression of genes regulating embryogenesis. Furthermore, trunk curvature was observed as the main phenotype in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae exposed to 1 or 3 μM TDCPP, possibly by changing somite formation and expression of proteins related to fast muscle and cartilage development. Collectively, our results suggest that exposure to TDCPP causes developmental toxicity in vertebrates and warrant the need for studies to evaluate the potential health risks of TDCPP to developing human embryos/infants/children, due to its frequent presence in indoor dust and potential for human exposure.

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Section: ■ Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicogenomic Responses of Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP) Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity

Han²,

Zhou³

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

103

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“…Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used for decades. However, concerns regarding the bioaccumulation in human tissues and potential adverse health effects of PBDEs have resulted in their phase-out in some countries, leading to an increase in the production and use of alternative flame retardants, including OPFRs [2,3]. Global demand for flame retardants is projected to increase by 4.6 % per year until 2018 to reach a volume of 2.8 million tonnes [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Global demand for flame retardants is projected to increase by 4.6 % per year until 2018 to reach a volume of 2.8 million tonnes [4]. The OPFRs account for 20 % of total flame retardant usage in Europe [2], and are expected to have the fastest market gains by 2018 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust

Wang

Thai

et al. 2017

Talanta

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Flame retardants are associated to numerous adverse health effects, can accumulate in humans and have been used intensively worldwide. Recently, dust has been identified as a major human exposure route for flame retardants. The aim of this study was to develop a multi-residue method using a two-step SPE purification. It enabled us to effectively limit coextracted matrix/interferets and therefore a simultaneous analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants for indoor dust was achieved. The optimized method was validated according to standard protocol and achieved good accuracy and reproducibility (percent error ranged from -29 % to 28 %). Standard Reference Material (SRM) for dust was also analysed, and good agreement was found with reported brominated and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) concentrations. The applicability of the validated method was demonstrated by the analysis of ten indoor dust samples from ten Australian homes. Overall 89 % of the analytes were detected in these samples. The average concentrations of ∑OPFRs and ∑PBDEs in those samples were 41 and 3.6 μg/g, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the most abundant OPFRs, accounting for 57-92 % ∑OPFRs, while decabromodiphenyl ether dominated the Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congeners contributing between 71-94 % to the ∑PBDEs. Graphical abstract2

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“…High levels of TEP, TiBP and TnBP were detected in the blank tests, with a total amount of 6.4-64 ng/L per treatment, which may come from the equipment and materials used in sample pretreatment due to their wide application as plasticizers and lubricants (Van der Veen and De Boer, 2012). To understand the source of blank contamination and to test the OPE recovery, sample pretreatment procedures including membrane filtration, SPE and concentration (nitrogen flushing and rotary evaporation) were comprehensively examined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the blank contamination and recovery of sample pretreatment procedures for analyzing organophosphorus flame retardants in waters

Liang

Niu

Yin

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are widely present in environmental waters. Development of accurate determination methods for trace OPEs in water is urgent for understanding the fate and risk of this class of emerging pollutants. However, the wide use of OPEs in experimental materials results in blank interference, which influences the accuracy of analytical results. In the present work, blank contamination and recovery of pretreatment procedures for analysis of OPEs in water samples were systematically examined for the first time. Blank contaminations were observed in filtration membranes, glass bottles, solid phase extraction cartridges, and nitrogen blowing instruments. These contaminations could be as high as 6.4-64 ng/L per treatment. Different kinds of membranes were compared in terms of contamination levels left after common glassware cleaning, and a special wash procedure was proposed to eliminate the contamination from membranes. Meanwhile, adsorption of highly hydrophobic OPEs on the inside wall of glass bottles was found to be 42.4%-86.1%, which was the primary cause of low recoveries and was significantly reduced by an additional washing step with acetonitrile. This work is expected to provide guidelines for the establishment of analysis methods for OPEs in aqueous samples.

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Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis

Cited by 2,298 publications

References 61 publications

Toxicogenomic Responses of Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP) Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity

Toxicogenomic Responses of Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate (TDCPP) Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity

Development and validation of a multi-residue method for the analysis of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust

Evaluating the blank contamination and recovery of sample pretreatment procedures for analyzing organophosphorus flame retardants in waters

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