Phospholipids of the organs and tissues of echinoderms and tunicates from peter the great bay (Sea of Japan)

Abstract

64Echinoderms and tunicates are classical objects of embryology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics, as well as food items and sources of promising biologi cally active substances [6].A great number of studies have been devoted to the phospholipid (PL) compositions of these animals, which are carried out, as a rule, on entire organisms. Studies that analyze the distribution of plasmalogen PL in marine invertebrates revealed the relationship between the level of organization of an animal and its plasmalogen content [3,4,12,13]. In the literature on the comparative study of the PLs of marine inverte brates, including echinoderms and tunicates [7-9, 11, 14, 15, 17], the results of comparative biochemical studies of 207 species of marine invertebrates of 21 classes and 15 types have been given. These authors corroborated the conclusions of Hack et al. [23] that the PL composition is primarily determined by the systematic position of an animal, while its habitat caused a less significant effect. Recent works, as a rule, were devoted to discussions of the special issues of PL biochemistry, publishing results from studying the PL composition of organs or tissues of one or two types of animal, such as ascidians [20] and pelagic tunicates [21,26,28]. We would note the publications that have examined the role of food chains in the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipids of deep sea holothurians and brittle stars [22], considered the structure of the alke nyl, alkyl, and acyl chains of sperm PLs of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus [27], PL ether forms in the gonads of the sea urchin Strongylocentro tus intermedius and internal organs of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi [25], defined the role of sphin gosine bases of gonads and internal organs of the sea star Asterias amurensis in the apoptosis of colon cancer [30], and provided information on the temperature effect on the lipid composition of egg membranes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus [31].In the study of the PL compositions of organs and tissues in echinoderms and tunicates, as well as their gonads, gametes, and embryos, the embryonic plasma membrane of cells and subcellular particles are most often used [15,16,18,19,25,27,30,31]. The results of analysis of individual organs or tissues, as well as the PL compositions of entire animals, that have been cited in the literature do not reveal the origin (exoge nous or endogenous) and distribution of such PLs as ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), sphingo myelin (SM), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The ranking of the effects of environmental factors (tem perature, organic, or inorganic pollution of sea water) and of the physiological state and individual variability on the stability of the PL composition of entire organ isms remains unclear. The answers to these questions can be obtained by analyzing the PL compositions of organs and tissues of marine invertebrates in a natural COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRYAbstract-The phospholipid compositions of organs and tissues were determined in representatives ...

Glycerophospholipids in sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) and its processing by-products serve as bioactives and functional food ingredients

“…In contrast to body wall, the spawns and intestines of Stichopus japonicus contained more classes of PL, as well as a lower content in PC but higher contents in almost all other PL classes (except for LPC). Actually, previous studies have also shown that PC (40.4-75.4% of the total PL), PE (11.5-34.2% of the total PL), PS (3.6-18.3% of the total PL) and PI (1.7-10.6% of the total PL) were the top four PL classes in sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa japonica, Eupentacta fraudatrix, and Apostichopus japonicus (Kostetsky et al, 2012).…”

Individual variations of the phospholipid compositions of the organs of arthropods, echinoderms, and tunicates from peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan

“…No data is available in the literature on individual variation of the PL composition in sea stars and their organs, although some publications on comparative studies of the PL composition report the results that were obtained for total lipid extracts [8,10,11,24].…”

“…Data on phospholipid (PL) compositions for entire organ isms and individual organs have been published for decapods [7][8][9]17], sea stars [8,11,24,10], and ascidians [10,12,[18][19][20][21][22][23]. It is noteworthy that the cited studies were conducted on total lipid extracts that were obtained from a few specimens.…”

Nutritional Value of Sea Urchin Roe (Strongylocentrotidae)—Study of Composition and Storage Conditions

“…Sea urchins are of great importance as sources of roe, the yield of which ranges from 6.0% to 20.0%, depending on their biological state [2]. Sea urchin roe has high food and biological value, and is rich in various biologically active substances [2][3][4], which display antioxidant effects [5,6], and antitumor [7,8], anti-inflammatory [9], geroprotective [10], antimicrobial [11] and other medicinal properties [12,13]. Due to this, a number of dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals recommended for the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions of the human body have been developed on the basis of sea urchin roe [10,14,15].…”

“…The change in the quality of the urchin roe is due to the high activity of the enzymes found in it. Protein proteolysis, lipid hydrolysis and oxidation glycogen, phosphocreatine and ATP, and the formation of melanoidin pigments occur under their influence [4,16]. The structure and consistency of salted or frozen roe products are impaired within a short period of time; the flavour and colour characteristics change, and an unpleasant odour and bitter taste appear [17].…”