Phospholipids of palm oil (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>)

Goh, S. H.; Khor, H. T.; Gee, P. T.

doi:10.1007/bf02662230

Cited by 61 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…(1990), a major quantity of metal is entrapped in phosphotides during degumming. Goh et al. (1982) also reported that phosphoric acid treatment for the removal of phospholipid gums leads to the removal of substantial quantities of iron and copper.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Process Intensification of Membrane System for Crude Palm Oil Pretreatment

Iyuke

Fakhru’l‐Razi

Majid

2004

J Food Process Engineering

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In the study conventional refining, microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes have been used experimentally to pretreat crude palm oil (CPO) samples with the aim of moving from the usual huge refinery plant to a more process integrated membrane module at ultrascale size that will even perform better than the former. Reduction of phosphorus for the membrane‐permeate of 43.4% was higher than that of bleached oil of 34.4%. When ceramic membranes with pore diameters of 0.45 µm and 0.2 µm were used in microfiltration, it was found that membrane with pore size of 0.45 µm was able to reject 14% of phosphorus, while ceramic membrane with pore size of 0.2 µm showed better phosphorus rejection of 56.8%. Upon applying ceramic membrane with pore sizes of 20 nm and 50 nm, 78.1% and 60% of phosphorus were rejected, respectively. Attributed to the superior performance of the membrane with 20 nm pore size over other membranes and conventional refining method on phosphorus content, a simulation study thus made, showed that the average slurry volume after about 22‐min runs for membrane with pore sizes of 0.45 µm, 0.2 µm, 50 nm and 20 nm, and the average slurry volumes are 0.05, 0.09, 0.13 and 0.18 m 3 , respectively. The percentage decrease between membrane pore size of 0.45 µm and 0.2 µm; 0.45 µm and 50 nm; and 0.45 µm and 20 nm are 73, 49 and 24%, respectively. The ultrafiltration achieved order of process miniaturization of about 10 2 −10 3 , which is in accordance with literature. This is a considerable size reduction in the process size, which reflects the magnitude of slurry volume that can be produced within a given time and meets every standard for process intensification through simulated process miniaturization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Process Intensification of Membrane System for Crude Palm Oil Pretreatment

Iyuke

Fakhru’l‐Razi

Majid

2004

J Food Process Engineering

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“…Goh et al [39] reported that most of the phospholipids in the palm fruit bunches remained in the aqueous by-products (55%) and the palm fibres (41%) after the oil has been mechanically extracted from the mesocarp. Phosphatidylchloline, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol are the main phospholipids in palm oil [39].…”

Section: Palm Oil Phospholipidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…About 95% of the aqueous by-products are the water fraction containing dissolved components and the remaining 5% are the fine solids and residue oil. Goh et al [39] reported that 55% of phospholipids from the palm fruit end up in the oil recovered from this aqueous stream. As the residual oil contains about 4.0% of phospholipids, this is another potential source for valorisation.…”

Section: Aqueous By-products -Phenolicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Valorisation of palm by‐products as functional components

Tan

Sambanthamurthi

Sundram

et al. 2007

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Valorisation of palm by‐products increases business opportunities for stakeholders in the palm oil industry. The approach also paves the way for structuring an eco‐efficient industry that recognises the importance of sustainable development for continued growth and competitiveness. Research underway in the palm oil industry has revealed a range of bioactives that can be used as functional components for food products that enhance health. Crude palm oil with 500–700 mg/kg of carotenes is one of the richest plant sources of provitamin A. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are also present in the oil at significant levels of between 600 and 1000 mg/kg. Besides the oil, by‐products of palm oil milling and refining also contain bioactives. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are concentrated in the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by‐product of physical refining of palm oil. Sterols and squalene can also be recovered from PFAD. Palm pressed fibres contain extractable phytochemicals such as sterols, vitamin E, carotenoids, phospholipids, squalene and phenolics. Water‐soluble palm phenolics have been successfully extracted from aqueous by‐products generated from the mill. These palm extracts show superior antioxidant potential and are earmarked for applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmeticeuticals.

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“…phospholipids still remain in palm-pressed fiber and sludge (4). The increased production of oil palm also resulted in increased production of by-products as well as waste.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phospholipids from palm‐pressed fiber

Choo

Bong

Ngan

et al. 2004

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Palm-pressed fiber, a by-product of palm oil milling, was extracted successively with hexane and 95% ethanol; the ethanol extracts yielded 46,800 ppm of phospholipids. The phospholipid composition, as analyzed by HPLC coupled with an ELSD, was found to be predominantly PC, PE, phosphatidylglycerol, and PA; as expected, the FA were more unsaturated than the TAG. Palm-pressed fiber is estimated to be able to provide 21,645 tonnes of palm lecithin based on the present total world production of fresh fruit bunches and thus be an alternative source of lecithin, which is normally obtained from soybeans.

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Phospholipids of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)

Cited by 61 publications

References 15 publications

Process Intensification of Membrane System for Crude Palm Oil Pretreatment

Process Intensification of Membrane System for Crude Palm Oil Pretreatment

Valorisation of palm by‐products as functional components

Phospholipids from palm‐pressed fiber

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