Phospholipid-encapsulated bupivacaine and analgesia after onychectomy in cats

Dodam, JR; Boedeker, B. H.; Gross, Marjorie E.; Kr, Branson; Carroll, GL

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_11.x

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Bupivacaine is longer acting, lasting up to 4e5 h. Bupivacaine is more toxic than lidocaine and the total dose should not exceed 2 mg/kg. Phospholipid-encapsulated bupivacaine has a long residence time at the site of application and has provided effective analgesia following onychectomy in cats (Dodam et al, 2001). A topical liposome-encapsulated formulation is available (ELA-Max, Ferndale Laboratories, Michigan, USA).…”

Section: Local Anaestheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology

Robertson

Taylor

2004

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

141

132

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Opioids have an unjustified reputation for causing mania in cats, but with refinements in dosing they are now used successfully in this species. The mu-opioid agonists are generally considered the best analgesics. Morphine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) is effective in a clinical setting. Methadone (up to 0.5 mg/kg) has a similar profile to morphine. Pethidine (Demerol, meperidine; 2-5 mg/kg) is a useful analgesic with a faster onset but shorter duration of action than morphine. Oxymorphone and hydromorphone (0.05-0.1 mg/kg) are widely used in the USA. These opioids are more potent (up to 10 times), and longer acting than morphine in cats. Butorphanol (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) is a mu-opioid antagonist that produces its analgesic actions through kappa agonist activity. It rapidly reaches a ceiling effect, is short acting and is a weaker analgesic than pure mu opioids. Buprenorphine (0.01-0.02 mg/kg), a partial mu-agonist, is the most popular opioid used in small animal practice in the UK, other parts of Europe, Australia and South Africa. In clinical studies it has produced better analgesia than several other opioids and appears to be highly suitable for perioperative pain management in cats. NSAIDs are also used in cats for pain management, although cats metabolise these differently from other species. With appropriate dosing, carprofen (1-4 mg/kg) and meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg) have proved highly effective with few side effects. The use of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg) and vedaprofen (0.5 mg/kg) has been reported in cats. Other less traditional analgesics such as ketamine, medetomidine and local anaesthetics are also used for clinical pain management. The transmucosal, transdermal and epidural routes offer novel methods for administration of analgesic drugs and have considerable potential for improving techniques in feline pain management.

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Section: Local Anaestheticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology

Robertson

Taylor

2004

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

141

132

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Managing pain in feline patients

Robertson¹

2005

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

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In the past 10 years, great strides have been made in the field of feline analgesia. A better understanding of the cat's unique metabolism has led researchers to realize that extrapolation across species boundaries is unwise,and this has resulted in feline-specific studies. The opioids are now used more commonly in cats, with good analgesic effect and few side effects. Excellent acute pain management is achievable in cats by using opioids, NSAIDs, alpha2-agonists, and local anesthetics. Although much of the research data has compared the use of single drugs, a multimodal approach using agents that work at different parts of the pain pathway is commonly used in clinical settings, with added benefit. Compared with dogs, few pain-scoring systems have been developed for cats, and this remains an important goal. Management of chronic pain in cats is a challenge because of the potential problems with long-term NSAID use; however, reports of low doses given at extended intervals are encouraging. As we gain experience with less traditional analgesics, such as amitriptyline, amantadine, and gabapentin, and critically evaluate complimentary therapies, our ability to provide comfort to this population of cats will improve.

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Phospholipid-encapsulated bupivacaine and analgesia after onychectomy in cats

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology

Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology

Managing pain in feline patients

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