Phospholipases C and D and Their Role in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Abstract

Plants, as sessile organisms, have adapted a fine sensing system to monitor environmental changes, therefore allowing the regulation of their responses. As the interaction between plants and environmental changes begins at the surface, these changes are detected by components in the plasma membrane, where a molecule receptor generates a lipid signaling cascade via enzymes, such as phospholipases (PLs). Phospholipids are the key structural components of plasma membranes and signaling cascades. They exist in a wide range of species and in different proportions, with conversion processes that involve hydrophilic enzymes, such as phospholipase-C (PLC), phospholipase-D (PLD), and phospholipase-A (PLA). Hence, it is suggested that PLC and PLD are highly conserved, compared to their homologous genes, and have formed clusters during their adaptive history. Additionally, they generate responses to different functions in accordance with their protein structure, which should be reflected in specific signal transduction responses to environmental stress conditions, including innate immune responses. This review summarizes the phospholipid systems associated with signaling pathways and the innate immune response.

Exploring the Role of TaPLC1-2B in Heat Tolerance at Seedling and Adult Stages of Wheat through Transcriptome Analysis

“…PLC mediates the plant-pathogen interaction pathways and resistance-related genes in order to enhance basal heat tolerance during the seedling stage. We speculate that inducing pathway-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI) during the seedling stage triggered an immunity enhancement in overall tolerance [38]. During the adult stage, PLC was involved in the ribosome and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and we speculate that it enhanced basal heat tolerance through lipid signaling [12,39].…”

Proteomic Insights of Cowpea Response to Combined Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

“…Phospholipid-based signaling cascades are extremely important in signal transduction as phospholipids activate communication with the immune system preventing invasion by pathogens [62,63]. The main components of this signaling cascade are phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD), which are also responsible for the turnover of phospholipids along with diacylglycerol kinase (DAK) [64]. Some studies have identified phospholipases involved in plant resistance against fungi and bacteria (mainly in effector recognition) [65,66], as well as in ABA-induced water stress tolerance [67][68][69].…”