It is known that cAMP and cGMP are important for vasorelaxation, and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) regulate their levels. Balloon angioplasty (BAL) is associated with reduced cAMP and cGMP levels, and inhibition of PDE-3 reduces restenosis. In this study, we found that BAL increased PDE-3 activity, which affected vasoreactivity of rat aortic rings 24-h post-BAL; these were compared with intact (INT) and ex vivo endothelium-denuded rings (RUB) from sham rats. In BAL and RUB rings, vasorelaxant responses to ACh were abolished. The EC50 for phenylephrine (PE) was 1.8-fold less in RUB than in INT or BAL, whereas the maximal contractile effect of PE was greater in BAL than in INT or RUB. PDE-3 inhibitors reduced the maximal response to PE by Ͼ65% in BAL compared with 10 -30% in INT and RUB; the reduction of the maximal response to U-46619 was 37% in BAL compared with 8% in INT with no reduction in RUB. PDE-4 inhibitors reduced PE-induced tone by Ͻ30% in an endotheliumdependent manner. Vasorelaxant responses to agonists that utilize cAMP were greatly impaired in BAL and RUB rings, and inhibition of PDE-3 enhanced the vasorelaxant responses in BAL or RUB. Inhibition of PDE-4 increased vasorelaxant responses to isoproterenol (ISO) to a much lesser degree. Thus PDE-3 and PDE-4 inhibitors exhibited differential effects on PE-induced tone and vasorelaxant responses to ISO. Inhibition of PDE-3 also produced a greater increase in cAMP in BAL than INT or RUB rings. These results suggest that increased PDE-3 activity after BAL may promote a vasospastic state and that the reduction in cAMP may, possibly, influence vessel remodeling. rat aorta; cyclic adenosine 3Ј, 5Ј-cyclic monophosphate BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY (BAL) is widely used to treat obstructive coronary artery disease, yet restenosis following BAL limits the efficacy of this procedure, which can be improved with a drug-eluting stent (3). In preclinical studies, it has been shown that enhanced smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration account for the neointimal thickening that follows BAL (6, 21). Cyclic AMP inhibits proliferation of SMC (20) and other cells in vitro (4,11,44), and reduced cAMP levels were found in rat aorta following BAL (40). Thus increasing cAMP levels after BAL should help reduce neointimal thickening. Moreover, cAMP is an important second messenger for vasorelaxation (41), and reduced cAMP levels in BAL should affect vasoreactivity. Recent studies on ␣ 1 -adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction after BAL have yielded conflicting results, where both hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity were reported (1, 17, 29). The effects of BAL on responses to several vasorelaxant agents have also been studied, but only one addressed the cAMP pathway using a -adrenergic agonist (16). In that study, the authors showed an initially decreased -agonist-induced relaxation followed by an increase during neointimal formation.Phosphodiesteases (PDEs) play an integral role in regulation of cyclic nucleotide levels. There are 11 PDE families in mammals, ...