Phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate Carboxylase from C4 Leaves Is Selectively Targeted for Inhibition by Anionic Phospholipids

Monreal, J. A.; McLoughlin, Fionn; Echevarrı́a, Cristina; García‐Mauriño, Sofía; Testerink, Christa

doi:10.1104/pp.109.150326

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In C4 plants, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC: 4.1.1.31) notably performs the initial fixation of atmospheric CO 2 in photosynthesis, which catalyzes the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in a reaction that yields oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate [39]. Therefore, knockout of PEPC resulted in zero flux of biomass, which validates its crucial role in C4 photosynthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis

Wang

Guo

et al. 2012

BMC Systems Biology

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BackgroundThe C4 photosynthetic cycle supercharges photosynthesis by concentrating CO2 around ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and significantly reduces the oxygenation reaction. Therefore engineering C4 feature into C3 plants has been suggested as a feasible way to increase photosynthesis and yield of C3 plants, such as rice, wheat, and potato. To identify the possible transition from C3 to C4 plants, the systematic comparison of C3 and C4 metabolism is necessary.ResultsWe compared C3 and C4 metabolic networks using the improved constraint-based models for Arabidopsis and maize. By graph theory, we found the C3 network exhibit more dense topology structure than C4. The simulation of enzyme knockouts demonstrated that both C3 and C4 networks are very robust, especially when optimizing CO2 fixation. Moreover, C4 plant has better robustness no matter the objective function is biomass synthesis or CO2 fixation. In addition, all the essential reactions in C3 network are also essential for C4, while there are some other reactions specifically essential for C4, which validated that the basic metabolism of C4 plant is similar to C3, but C4 is more complex. We also identified more correlated reaction sets in C4, and demonstrated C4 plants have better modularity with complex mechanism coordinates the reactions and pathways than that of C3 plants. We also found the increase of both biomass production and CO2 fixation with light intensity and CO2 concentration in C4 is faster than that in C3, which reflected more efficient use of light and CO2 in C4 plant. Finally, we explored the contribution of different C4 subtypes to biomass production by setting specific constraints.ConclusionsAll results are consistent with the actual situation, which indicate that Flux Balance Analysis is a powerful method to study plant metabolism at systems level. We demonstrated that in contrast to C3, C4 plants have less dense topology, higher robustness, better modularity, and higher CO2 and radiation use efficiency. In addition, preliminary analysis indicated that the rate of CO2 fixation and biomass production in PCK subtype are superior to NADP-ME and NAD-ME subtypes under enough supply of water and nitrogen.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis

Wang

Guo

et al. 2012

BMC Systems Biology

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“…PEPC binds also to anionic phospholipids including phosphatidylinositol, PtdIns4P and lyso‐PA, which leads to decreased PEPC activity in C4 plants (Monreal et al ). Interestingly, C3‐type PEPCs from Arabidopsis were not affected, although PA binding was confirmed (Testerink et al ; Monreal et al ).…”

Section: Lipid Signalling In Response To Abiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress

Hou

Ufer

Bartels

2016

Plant Cell & Environment

473

338

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Lipids are one of the major components of biological membranes including the plasma membrane, which is the interface between the cell and the environment. It has become clear that membrane lipids also serve as substrates for the generation of numerous signalling lipids such as phosphatidic acid, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, N-acylethanolamines, free fatty acids and others. The enzymatic production and metabolism of these signalling molecules are tightly regulated and can rapidly be activated upon abiotic stress signals. Abiotic stress like water deficit and temperature stress triggers lipid-dependent signalling cascades, which control the expression of gene clusters and activate plant adaptation processes. Signalling lipids are able to recruit protein targets transiently to the membrane and thus affect conformation and activity of intracellular proteins and metabolites. In plants, knowledge is still scarce of lipid signalling targets and their physiological consequences. This review focuses on the generation of signalling lipids and their involvement in response to abiotic stress. We describe lipid-binding proteins in the context of changing environmental conditions and compare different approaches to determine lipid-protein interactions, crucial for deciphering the signalling cascades.

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“…PEPC-k activity seems to be regulated only at the level of synthesis/degradation, in response to light in C 4 Shenton et al 2006;Monreal et al 2010a) and C 3 (Gousset-Dupont et al 2005) plants, and by a circadian mechanism in CAM plants (Taybi et al 2000). Monoubiquitination (Uhrig et al 2008;Shane et al 2013;Ruiz-Ballesta et al 2014) or interaction with anionic phospholipids (Monreal et al 2010b) have recently been described as mechanisms introducing posttranslational modifications to PEPC. Interestingly, both modifications result in the inhibition of PEPC activity at least in vitro.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and PEPC-kinase (PEPC-k) isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana: role in control and abiotic stress conditions

Feria

Bosch

Sánchez

et al. 2016

Planta

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Arabidopsis ppc3 mutant has a growth-arrest phenotype and is affected in phosphate- and salt-stress responses, showing that this protein is crucial under control or stress conditions. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and its dedicated kinase (PEPC-k) are ubiquitous plant proteins implicated in many physiological processes. This work investigates specific roles for the three plant-type PEPC (PTPC) and the two PEPC-k isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lack of any of the PEPC isoenzymes reduced growth parameters under optimal growth conditions. PEPC activity was decreased in shoots and roots of ppc2 and ppc3 mutants, respectively. Phosphate starvation increased the expression of all PTPC and PPCK genes in shoots, but only PPC3 and PPCK2 in roots. The absence of any of these two proteins was not compensated by other isoforms in roots. The effect of salt stress on PTPC and PPCK expression was modest in shoots, but PPC3 was markedly increased in roots. Interestingly, both stresses decreased root growth in each of the mutants except for ppc3. This mutant had a stressed phenotype in control conditions (reduced root growth and high level of stress molecular markers), but was unaffected in their response to high salinity. Salt stress increased PEPC activity, its phosphorylation state, and L-malate content in roots, all these responses were abolished in the ppc3 mutant. Our results highlight the importance of the PPC3 isoenzyme for the normal development of plants and for root responses to stress.

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Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from C4 Leaves Is Selectively Targeted for Inhibition by Anionic Phospholipids

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis

Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis

Lipid signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and PEPC-kinase (PEPC-k) isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana: role in control and abiotic stress conditions

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