Phosphene induction by microstimulation of macaque V1

Tehovnik, Edward J.; Slocum, Warren M.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.001

Cited by 81 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Recent studies have begun to show how sensory areas encode natural stimuli (Butts et al 2007;David et al 2004;Felsen et al 2005;Lesica and Stanley 2004;Nemenman et al 2008;Sharpee et al 2004;Simoncelli and Olshausen 2001), and it is useful to know the extent to which microstimulation can be used to show the causality between sensory activity and perception on these fast timescales. Furthermore, microstimulation will be the basis for future advanced sensory neural prosthetics (Bradley et al 2005;Fernandez et al 2005;Girvin 1988;McIntyre and Grill 2000;Middlebrooks et al 2005;Normann et al 1999;Tehovnik and Slocum 2007;Troyk et al 2003). Thus it is imperative we understand the effects of microstimulation in the same temporal regimen as natural sensory inputs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrical microstimulation of the brain is an important research tool for establishing causality between neural activity and behavior (for reviews, see Cohen and Newsome 2004;Romo and Salinas 1999) and serves as the basis for supplying sensory inputs in neural prosthetics (Bradley et al 2005;Fernandez et al 2005;Girvin 1988;McIntyre and Grill 2000;Middlebrooks et al 2005;Normann et al 1999;Tehovnik and Slocum 2007;Troyk et al 2003). Both of these applications rely on the assumption that microstimulation can generate percepts that are reasonably similar to those produced by naturally occurring stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral Time Course of Microstimulation in Cortical Area MT

Masse

Cook

2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Masse NY, Cook EP. Behavioral time course of microstimulation in cortical area MT. J Neurophysiol 103: 334 -345, 2010. First published October 28, 2009 doi:10.1152/jn.91022.2008. Electrical stimulation of the brain is a valuable research tool and has shown therapeutic promise in the development of new sensory neural prosthetics. Despite its widespread use, we still do not fully understand how current passed through a microelectrode interacts with functioning neural circuits. Past behavioral studies have suggested that weak electrical stimulation (referred to as microstimulation) of sensory areas of cortex produces percepts that are similar to those generated by normal sensory stimuli. In contrast, electrophysiological studies using in vitro or anesthetized preparations have shown that neural activity produced by brief microstimulation is radically different and longer lasting than normal responses. To help reconcile these two aspects of microstimulation, we examined the temporal properties that microstimulation has on visual perception. We found that brief application of subthreshold microstimulation in the middle temporal (MT) area of visual cortex produced smaller and longer-lasting effects on motion perception compared with an equivalent visual stimulus. In agreement with past electrophysiological studies, a computer simulation reproduced our behavioral effects when the time course of a single microstimulation pulse was modeled with three components: an immediate fast strong excitatory component, followed by a weaker inhibitory component, and then followed by a long duration weak excitatory component. Overall, these results suggest the behavioral effects of microstimulation in our experiments were caused by the unique and long-lasting temporal effects microstimulation has on functioning cortical circuits. I N T R O D U C T I O NElectrical microstimulation of the brain is an important research tool for establishing causality between neural activity and behavior (for reviews, see Cohen and Newsome 2004;Romo and Salinas 1999) and serves as the basis for supplying sensory inputs in neural prosthetics (Bradley et al. 2005;Fernandez et al. 2005;Girvin 1988;McIntyre and Grill 2000;Middlebrooks et al. 2005;Normann et al. 1999;Tehovnik and Slocum 2007;Troyk et al. 2003). Both of these applications rely on the assumption that microstimulation can generate percepts that are reasonably similar to those produced by naturally occurring stimuli.Many past behavioral studies suggest that microstimulation of cortical sensory areas is equivalent to natural inputs in its ability to influence sensory perception (Bisley et al. 2001;Carey et al. 2005;Celebrini and Newsome 1995;de Lafuente and Romo 2005;DeAngelis and Newsome 2004;Ditterich et al. 2003;Hanks et al. 2006;Liu and Newsome 2005;Murasugi et al. 1993;Nichols and Newsome 2002;Romo et al. 1998Romo et al. , 2000Salzman et al. 1990Salzman et al. , 1992Uka and DeAngelis 2006). In these experiments, however, microstimulation was usually applied for hundreds of milliseconds to s...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Time Course of Microstimulation in Cortical Area MT

Masse

Cook

2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…It has been shown that the electrical stimulation of primary V1 could produce phosphenes in monkeys and humans (Brindley and Lewin, 1968;Schmidt et al, 1996;Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007).…”

Section: Electric Pulse-induced Glutamate Release Cortical Phosphenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…TMS inhibition possibly reflects the activity of GABAergic interneurons, but facilitation depends on the activation of intracortical fibers by the subthreshold stimulus, inducing the local release of glutamate (Oliveri and Caltagirone, 2006). TMS-induced electric field could induce phosphenes in the striate cortex (V1) of the macaque (Tehovnik and Slocum, 2007) and selective stimulated V1 and V2 (Salminen-Vaparanta et al, 2014) that were able to generate phosphene perception to a similar degree. It seems that TMS-induced phosphenes are due to the glutamate-related UPE.…”

Section: Glutamate Triggered Upe and Phosphenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphene perception is due to the ultra-weak photon emission produced in various parts of the visual system: glutamate in the focus

Császár¹,

Scholkmann²,

Salari³

et al. 2016

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractPhosphenes are experienced sensations of light, when there is no light causing them. The physiological processes underlying this phenomenon are still not well understood. Previously, we proposed a novel biopsychophysical approach concerning the cause of phosphenes based on the assumption that cellular endogenous ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) is the biophysical cause leading to the sensation of phosphenes. Briefly summarized, the visual sensation of light (phosphenes) is likely to be due to the inherent perception of UPE of cells in the visual system. If the intensity of spontaneous or induced photon emission of cells in the visual system exceeds a distinct threshold, it is hypothesized that it can become a conscious light sensation. Discussing several new and previous experiments, we point out that the UPE theory of phosphenes should be really considered as a scientifically appropriate and provable mechanism to explain the physiological basis of phosphenes. In the present paper, we also present our idea that some experiments may support that the cortical phosphene lights are due to the glutamate-related excess UPE in the occipital cortex.

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“…lectrical stimulation in the visual cortex of nonhuman primates has revealed a great deal about visual perception (1)(2)(3)(4). Performing electrical stimulation in humans provides a unique opportunity to study the qualitative properties of stimulation-induced percepts, which can offer insights about the functional organization of visual cortex (5,6), and may advance efforts to restore sight with cortical prosthetics for retinal blindness (7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving electrical stimulation of identified human visual areas

Murphey

Maunsell²,

Beauchamp³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

105

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We studied whether detectable percepts could be produced by electrical stimulation of intracranial electrodes placed over human visual areas identified with fMRI. Identification of areas was confirmed by recording local-field potentials from the electrode, such as face-selective electrical responses from electrodes over the fusiform face area (FFA). The probability of detecting electrical stimulation of a visual area varied with the position of the area in the visual cortical hierarchy. Stimulation of early visual areas including V1, V2, and V3 was almost always detected, whereas stimulation of late visual areas such as FFA was rarely detected. When percepts were elicited from late areas, subjects reported that they were simple shapes and colors, similar to the descriptions of percepts from early areas. There were no reports of elaborate percepts, such as faces, even in areas like FFA, where neurons have complex response properties. For sites eliciting percepts, the detection threshold was determined by varying the stimulation current as subjects performed a forced-choice detection task. Current thresholds were similar for late and early areas. The similarity between both percept quality and threshold across early and late areas suggests the presence of functional microcircuits that link electrical stimulation with perception.

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Phosphene induction by microstimulation of macaque V1

Cited by 81 publications

References 51 publications

Behavioral Time Course of Microstimulation in Cortical Area MT

Behavioral Time Course of Microstimulation in Cortical Area MT

Phosphene perception is due to the ultra-weak photon emission produced in various parts of the visual system: glutamate in the focus

Perceiving electrical stimulation of identified human visual areas

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