Phosphate Leaching from Green Roof Substrates—Can Green Roofs Pollute Urban Water Bodies?

Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka; Bus, Agnieszka; Baryła, Anna

doi:10.3390/w10020199

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Evaluation of the performance of a green roof for nutrient retention versus input rainfall made by Gregoire and Clausen [19] also showed that P concentrations exported from the green roof were greater than those observed in precipitation, however, an analysis of mass export suggested that the green roof actually retained nutrients and metals mass by virtue of its volume retention capacity. An opposite situation has been reported in the previous study [20]. Simulation of the rainfall of 470 mm (reflecting the precipitation from growing season in Poland in 2013), resulted in phosphorus leaching from 0.337 to 2.351 mg/kg of different substrates and was much higher than the load of phosphorus supplied with precipitation.…”

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confidence: 62%

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confidence: 60%

“…Simulation of the rainfall of 470 mm (reflecting the precipitation from growing season in Poland in 2013), resulted in phosphorus leaching from 0.337 to 2.351 mg/kg of different substrates and was much higher than the load of phosphorus supplied with precipitation. This study has also shown a high correlation between phosphorus content estimated by HCl extraction and cumulative load in leachate tests, suggesting that the batch of HCl extraction test can be recommended for the comparison and selection of substrates with the focus on potential P leaching [20].A high phosphorus concentration in green roof runoff is often explained by the roof age. The water quality performance of green roofs is expected to be different between their early and mature stages because roofs might act as a source of pollution in the early stage while as a sink of pollution at their mature stage [21].…”

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Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition

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Green roofs are constructions made of different layers, each serving a dedicated function. Substrates and materials used in their composition are essential from the point of view of rainwater retention and plant development, but they may have an adverse effect on runoff quality. Literature studies show that phosphorus and heavy metals are of main importance. The total roofs area covered with green increased in the last years in cities as they are efficient in retention of rainwater and delaying of the runoff, therefore, protecting the cities against floods. As green roofs filtrate a significant amount of rainwater, materials used in substrates composition should be carefully selected to protect urban receivers against pollution. The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus and heavy metals leaching from different green roof substrates and their components with the focus on green roof runoff quality. Both commercially made green roof substrates and often used compounds (construction aggregates) were tested in laboratory batch tests for P, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn content in extracts. Based on the results of this study, it could be emphasized that a large part of commonly used construction aggregates can be a source of phosphorus, some also can release elevated values of nickel. Therefore, the materials should be carefully tested before use in the green roof substrate composition, not only for their physical properties reflecting water retention capacity, but also for chemical composition.

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Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition

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“…The average indicated value was 4.561 ± 0.682 mgP-PO 4 /L. The highest noted values were 3.313 and 6.033 mgP-PO 4 /L which correspond to the extractable P (Table 1) [29]. The results obtained for PRBs showed that tested RMs are efficient in phosphate reduction.…”

Section: Leakages Qualitymentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Initially, P reactive materials (RMs) were successfully used as an additional filter at on-site sewage treatment plants [26,27]. Nowadays, the range of RM applications have been spreading not only to wastewater but also to surface water [28] and green roof leakage treatment [29].…”

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Permeable Reactive Barriers for Preventing Water Bodies from a Phosphorus-Polluted Agricultural Runoff-Column Experiment

Bus¹,

Karczmarczyk²,

Baryła³

2019

Water

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This paper aims to examine the potential of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) as an in-situ removal approach for phosphate polluted agricultural runoff. Four different reactive materials (RMs) of: autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), Polonite®, zeolite and limestone were tested. The study was conducted as a column experiment with a sandy loam soil type charging underlying RM layers with phosphorus (P) and a soil column without RM as a reference. The experiment was carried out over 90 days. During this time the P-PO4 load from the reference column equaled 6.393 mg and corresponds to 3.87 kg/ha. Tested RMs are characterized by high P-PO4 retention equaling 99, 98, 88 and 65% for Polonite®, AAC, zeolite and limestone, respectively. At common annual P loss rates of 1 kg/ha from intensively used agricultural soils, the PRB volume ranged from 48 to 67 m3 would reduce the load between 65 and 99% for the RMs tested in this study.

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Toward cross‐realm management of coastal urban ecosystems

Threlfall

Marzinelli

Ossola

et al. 2021

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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T he world's human population is becoming increasingly urbanized (UN 2018), posing a global threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (McKinney 2006). This threat is pervasive across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms (here, we use the term "realm" rather than "ecosystem" to highlight the domain or sphere of influence and interconnections that terrestrial, riverine, and marine systems have on one another). The cross-realm effects of urbanization are largely driven by habitat modification to create a built environment (eg roads, buildings, stormwater infrastructure, marinas, and so forth; Trombulak and Frissell 2000;Walsh et al. 2005;Dafforn et al. 2015) and associated stressors (eg toxicants, nutrients, non-native species), which collectively threaten, degrade, and/or modify habitats (eg Airoldi et al. 2009;He et al. 2014). Such effects may propagate not only across habitat boundaries within urban realms (Lapoint et al. 2015;Bishop et al. 2017) but also across boundaries among realms (Bugnot et al. 2019) (Figure 1).Populations, communities, and ecosystems are connected via a variety of physical, biological, and chemical processes that operate at a range of spatial and temporal scales (Sheaves 2009;Lapoint et al. 2015;Bishop et al. 2017). Changes in connectivity can have substantial effects on biodiversity, productivity, energy fluxes, and food-web dynamics (Lapoint et al. 2015;Bishop et al. 2017). Urbanization can change the connectivity among realms by introducing barriers or conduits to the flow of species and resources, altering the abundance of organisms and materials that cross boundaries, and fragmenting or modifying habitats (Crook et al. 2015;Bishop et al. 2017), all of which can lead to cross-realm impacts. For example, barrages designed to protect coastal settlements from storm surges and dams that manage water flows can impede fish migrations between freshwater and marine habitats, and can starve coastal sandflats and mudflats of terrestrial sediment supplies, which are transported downstream by river systems (Figure 1; Crook et al. 2015; Bishop et al. 2017). Conversely, deforestation of catchments may increase

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Phosphate Leaching from Green Roof Substrates—Can Green Roofs Pollute Urban Water Bodies?

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition

Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition

Permeable Reactive Barriers for Preventing Water Bodies from a Phosphorus-Polluted Agricultural Runoff-Column Experiment

Toward cross‐realm management of coastal urban ecosystems

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