Phosphate-Assisted Transformation of Methylene Blue to Red-Emissive Carbon Dots with Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy

Xu, Yalan; Wang, Chan; Ran, Guoxia; Chen, Dan; Pang, Qingfeng; Song, Qijun

doi:10.1021/acsanm.1c00406

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…[15] Among the reports on the red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) prepared by the environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, only four papers have QY over 40%, but their monochromaticity is very low (FWHMs > 80 nm, visual inspection) and purification requires the troublesome dialysis or column chromatography. [16][17][18][19] The higher product yield stands for a more economical method and the higher efficiency. But there are only four articles on the preparation of highyield CDs by hydrothermal method with a yield of >35%.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Xian

2022

Advanced Materials

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are less than 30 nm, but only one is prepared by hydrothermal method, and the other reaction systems are organic solvents, as shown in Table S1 (Supporting Information). [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] However, low fluorescence quantum yield (QY) can limit their applications. For instance, white light emitting diodes only based on luminescent materials with low QY are difficult to realize. [15] Among the reports on the red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) prepared by the environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, only four papers have QY over 40%, but their monochromaticity is very low (FWHMs > 80 nm, visual inspection) and purification requires the troublesome dialysis or column chromatography. [16][17][18][19] The higher product yield stands for a more economical method and the higher efficiency. But there are only four articles on the preparation of highyield CDs by hydrothermal method with a yield of >35%. [20][21][22][23] And three of them are blue emission, one is green emission, no red emission, and their FWHMs are all over 80 nm by visual inspection. There is no report on the preparation of r-CDs that simultaneously takes into account the environmental protection, the fluorescence monochromaticity, QY, and the yield. In this work, the hydrothermal method was used to prepare the r-CDs with double emission peaks (600 nm and 658-683 nm), ultra-narrow FWHMs (20 and 30 nm), and high yield (83.3%).At present, the several main emission mechanisms of CDs have been proposed, such as the quantum confineme effect, the surface state, the molecule state, and the aggregation-induced emission (AIE). [24][25] In this work, the long-wavelength side emission of r-CDs belongs to AIE, and its longest emission wavelength (683 nm) reaches the near infrared region, which benefits from deeper penetration due to the minimum autofluorescence and reduced light scattering, offering a great imaging contrast and spatial resolution. [7] The AIE regularly blue shifts with the decrease of r-CDs concentration and the logarithmic relationship of y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53 is obtained for the first time, where y is emission wavelength and x is concentration of r-CDs. It may be caused by the regular decrease of r-CDs aggregate size with the decrease of r-CDs concentration in solution. And the presence of the r-CDs aggregates is confirmed by the light scattering phenomenon of different concentrations of r-CDs solution and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Red fluorescent carbon dots (r-CDs) with narrow dual emissions (600 nm and 658-683 nm, full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of 20 nm and 30 nm), fluorescence quantum yield of 41.0%, and yield of 83.3% are prepared by hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine as precursor and inorganic oxidant as yield enhancer, and they have graphite nitrate-like structures. The long-wavelength side emission is aggregation-induced emission (AIE). A logarithmic relationship between the AIE wavelength (y) and the concentration (x) (y = 8.853ln(x) + 688.53, R = 0.998) is found. This regularity and the hig...

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confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Xian

2022

Advanced Materials

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“…A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of DOX, CNRs, and CNRs-DOX to both the cancer cells (A549 and Hela cells) and noncancerous cells (3T3, BEAS-2B, and L929 cells). 23 The cells were added to a 96-well plate with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) including 10% fetal bovine serum, and then they were cultured in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 at 37 °C for 24 h. Subsequently, the cells were incubated in different concentrations of CNRs (0, 10, 20, 35, 40, and 50 μg/mL) for 24 h before being washed with PBS to remove the free CNRs. Then CCK-8 (10 μL) and DMEM (90 μL) were added to each cell well, followed by incubation for another 90 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Template-Free Synthesis of Porous Fluorescent Carbon Nanomaterials with Gluten for Intracellular Imaging and Drug Delivery

Wang

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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A series of carbon nanomaterials, including carbon dots, carbon nanorings (CNRs), and porous carbon nanoballs, were facilely prepared by a template-free hydrothermal treatment of gluten as the sole carbon source. Driven by the hydrophobicity interaction, a concentration-dependent self-assembly of gluten was observed in an aqueous solution, leading to the subsequent formation of different morphologies of carbon nanomaterials in a hydrothermal treatment. Among these carbon nanomaterials, the CNRs exhibit bright photoluminescence with a quantum yield of 47.0%. Furthermore, CNRs also have a large surface area and low toxicity, making them an excellent drug carrier for chemotherapeutics. A model drug molecule doxorubicin (DOX) was successfully loaded on the CNRs, and the CNRs-DOX complexes exhibit a pH-dependent DOX release behavior. Compared with free DOX, the CNRs-DOX complexes can induce a higher level of apoptosis and lower level of necrosis, showing promise as anticancer agents.

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“…5 Nanomaterial-based probes, such as semiconductor quantum dots 6 and metal nanoclusters, 7 have been proposed for ROS detection, while these nanoprobes can cause uncontrollable metal leakage and heavy metal residues in biological systems. 8 In particular, the detection of other types of ROS without interference from the normal level of H 2 O 2 remains unsolved. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop metal-free nanoprobes for the selective sensing and imaging of ROS under physiological conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphoric acid densified red emissive carbon dots with a well-defined structure and narrow band fluorescence for intracellular reactive oxygen species detection and scavenging

Wang

Sui

et al. 2023

J. Mater. Chem. C

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Phosphate-Assisted Transformation of Methylene Blue to Red-Emissive Carbon Dots with Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy

Cited by 33 publications

References 65 publications

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Hydrothermal Synthesis of High‐Yield Red Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Ultra‐Narrow Emission by Controlled O/N Elements

Template-Free Synthesis of Porous Fluorescent Carbon Nanomaterials with Gluten for Intracellular Imaging and Drug Delivery

Phosphoric acid densified red emissive carbon dots with a well-defined structure and narrow band fluorescence for intracellular reactive oxygen species detection and scavenging

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