“…English voiced fricative consonants /z/, /ð/, /v/ and /ʒ/, especially in syllable-initial position, can also cause major difficulties for Chinese learners of English, who often replace these sounds with others requiring less abdominal effort: /z/ is often replaced, in words such as zoo and Zoe, by /dʒ/, /r/ or /s/; /ð/, in words like they and brother, is commonly replaced by /d/ or /z/; /v/ is often replaced by /w/ or /f/, as in words such as very and value; and /ʒ/, in a word such as usually, is often substituted with /dʒ/, /ʃ/ or /s/ (Chan, 2014;Chan & Li, 2000;Chen, 2015;Deterding, 2006Deterding, , 2010Li & Sewell, 2012;Luk, 2010).…”