Phonological and Semantic Fluency in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Semantic and Phonological fluency (SF and PF) are routinely evaluated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There are disagreements in the literature regarding which fluency task is more affected while developing AD. Most studies focus on SF assessment, given its connection with the temporoparietal amnesic system. PF is less reported, it is related to working memory, which is also impaired in probable and diagnosed AD. Differentiating between performance on these tasks might be informative in early AD diagnosis, providing an accurate linguistic profile. Objective: Compare SF and PF performance in healthy volunteers, volunteers with probable AD, and patients with AD diagnosis, considering the heterogeneity of age, gender, and educational level variables. Methods: A total of 8 studies were included for meta-analysis, reaching a sample size of 1,270 individuals (568 patients diagnosed with AD, 340 with probable AD diagnosis, and 362 healthy volunteers). Results: The three groups consistently performed better on SF than PF. When progressing to a diagnosis of AD, we observed a significant difference in SF and PF performance across our 3 groups of interest (p = 0.04). The age variable explained a proportion of this difference in task performance across the groups, and as age increases, both tasks equally worsen. Conclusion: The performance of SF and PF might play a differential role in early AD diagnosis. These tasks rely on partially different neural bases of language processing. They are thus worth exploring independently in diagnosing normal aging and its transition to pathological stages, including probable and diagnosed AD.

A new strategy on Early diagnosis of cognitive impairment via novel cross-lingual language markers: a non-invasive description and AI analysis for the cookie theft picture

“…On the contrary, previous studies showed that verbal categorical fluency test showed the highest performance in differentiating AD with the heath 3 , and series of studies 4–6 have demonstrated that language deficits precede memory impairment. Therefore, early diagnosis through language features is feasible 7 . Previous studies from our team and others suggested that cognitive impairments have been effectively diagnosed through acoustic and linguistic features such as percentage of silence duration (PSD) 8–11 .…”