Phonetic and phonemic acquisition: Normative data in English and Dutch speech sound development

Typical consonant cluster acquisition in auditory-verbal children with early-identified severe/profound hearing loss

“…If age of acquisition is defi ned as 75% correct and age of mastery as 90% correct (Priester et al, 2011) it can be seen that, at age 3-years, 25 2-element initial clusters were acquired by the children in the current study, with 11 mastered; three 3-element initial clusters were acquired, and one (/skw/) was mastered. At age 4-years, 30 2-element initial clusters were acquired, with 21 mastered; fi ve 3-element initial clusters were acquired, with four mastered.…”

“…Since the process of acquiring consonant clusters is considered to be more challenging than single consonant attainment, a longer time period for acquisition is required (Haelsig & Madison, 1986;Priester et al, 2011). The age of mastery of the majority of consonant clusters for typically-developing children has been reported to be between 6 -7-years with complete mastery between 8 -9-years (McLeod & Arciuli, 2009).…”

“…Relative to singleton consonants, consonant clusters take longer to acquire (Haelsig & Madison, 1986;McLeod, van Doorn & Reed, 2001a;Priester, Post, & Goorhuis-Brouwer, 2011;Waring, Fisher, & Aitkin, 2001). For instance, in a longitudinal study of 16 typically-developing Australian-English speaking children aged 2;0 -2;11, McLeod, van Doorn, and Reed (2001b) reported a mean percentage of consonant clusters correct of 29.5% (SD ϭ 21.2).…”

Ataxia rating scales are age‐dependent in healthy children

“…This is contrasted by ICARS speech guidelines involving difficult combinations of consonants, which can be optimally pronounced at later ages. 22 As speech sub-scores are thus dependent on the intrinsic difficulty of the native language, one should evaluate the different European language profiles before inclusion of speech in the EOA database. In future studies, we will therefore aim to obtain additional information by including assessment of non-word/phonic speech (such as 'pata-pata-pata', etc.)…”

Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0–6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study

“…A number of phonological development studies (e.g. Amayreh & Dyson 1998;Poole, 1934;Priester, Post & Goorhuis-Brouwer, 2011) have made use of three terms in order to describe speech development. They are: age of customary production-where at least half the group of children are able to correctly produce a sound in two positions; age of acquisition-where 75% of the group is able to produce the sound correctly in all required positions; age of mastery-where 90% of the group correctly produce the sound in all word positions.…”