Phlebotomus Guggisbergi (Diptera: Psychodidae), a Vector of Leishmania Tropica in Kenya

Lawyer, Phillip G.; Mebrahtu, Yemane B.; Ngumbi, Philip M.; P, Mwanyumba; Mbugua, John; Kiilu, Gabriel; Kipkoech, D.; Nzovu, J; Anjili, Christopher O.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1991.44.290

Cited by 46 publications

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“…In Tunisia, the vector of L. killicki still unknown. It could belong, as reported for the closely related complexes, L. tropica and L. infantum, to the subgenus Paraphlebotomus or Larroussius (Serre & Roux, 1986;KillickKendrick, 1990;Lawyer et al, 1991). In the well known foci of the south-east, the dominante species, P. (Pa.) sergenti, proven vector of L. tropica in the Old World is probably the vector of this form (Rioux et al, 1986c;Killick-Kendrick, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reservoir seems zoonotic, mainly because of the sporadic occurrence of cases and the rural distribution of disease . The vector could belong to the subgenera Paraphlebotomus or Larroussius as described elsewhere for L. tropica, a closely related species to L. killicki (Rioux et al, 1986d;Lawyer et al, 1991;Rioux et al, 1990;Jacobson, 2003;Gebre-Michael et al, 2004). Since 1980's there has been an increase of case numbers, a geographic range extension and an occurrence of epidemics, which are related to all forms of leishmaniosis recorded in the country.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) of human leishmaniosis sites in Tunisia

et al. 2006

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Summary :In order to identify the phlebotomine sandfly populations in Tunisian leishmaniosis foci, an entomological survey was carried out through three entomological seasons (2002-2003-2004) in 19 visceral and cutaneous leishmaniosis areas, located in six bioclimatic zones. Sandfly collections were based on light and sticky traps placed around human leishmaniosis cases. 8,722 phlebotomine sandflies belonging to 12 species were collected. The dominance of subgenus Larroussius species in northern foci, Phlebotomus papatasi in south-western foci and their co-dominance in the centre of the country is in accordance with the distribution of Leishmania infantum and L. major in Tunisia. The low density found in the historical zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis focus of Metlaoui in the south-west may indicate the high competence of the local populations. Studied phlebotomine settlements have showed a low specific diversity in most of the studied sites. In L. infantum areas, the dominant species were respectively: P. perfiliewi in the cutaneous leishmaniosis site of the humid bioclimatic stage, P. perniciosus in the cutaneous and visceral leishmaniosis foci of semi-arid and arid bioclimatic stages and P. longicuspis in the visceral leishmaniosis focus of saharan bioclimate. In the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis foci, P. papatasi was a dominant species. In the well-known southeastern foci of cutaneous leishmaniosis due to L. killicki, P. sergenti was a dominant species with P. perniciosus. In the central emerging foci of L. killicki, P. perniciosus was a dominant species in some sites whereas it was very rare in others. In these sites, the subgenus Paraphlebotomus was always present with a higher abundance of P. alexandri than P. sergenti. Résumé

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) of human leishmaniosis sites in Tunisia

et al. 2006

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“…A shallow pond at the base of the cave, which was present for about 10 or 11 months of the year, was used as a watering hole for domestic animals. The cave showed extensive use by rodents as well 4 ( Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study site, as first described by Lawyer and others, 4 encompassed a 1-km gorge at the head of which was a shallow semi-circular cave with a 100 m-wide entrance. The site was located in the Muruku Sublocation, Laikipia District in Kenya.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 This led to the discovery of a defined focus of the disease in Muruku Sublocation, Laikipia District, 2,3 and the determination that Phlebotomus guggisbergi is a vector. 4 Further studies have led to the discovery of additional foci of L. tropica-induced CL in central Kenya and the Rift Valley. 5,6 More recent determination of a new species of Phlebotomus further complicates the ecology of the disease in the newer foci.…”

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Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) seasonal distribution and infection rates in a defined focus of Leishmania tropica.

Johnson¹,

Lawyer²,

Ngumbi³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.A two-year study was conducted of phlebotomine sand fly fauna in a defined focus of Leishmania tropica. A total of 17,947 sand flies representing 10 species were collected from the location. Phlebotomus guggisbergi, a vector of L. tropica in Kenya, was the most prevalent species through the entire period, representing about 80% of the total catch. There was marked seasonal fluctuation in the populations of the three most common species, with highest population levels reached in December and lowest levels reached in July and August. Leishmania-like infections were encountered in 489 P. guggisbergi. No flagellate infections were observed in any other species of sand fly. Although infected P. guggisbergi were collected during each month of the year, the percent parous infected flies was highest (27.5%) during the November through January time period. These data show that the greatest risk of transmission to humans at this focus occurs during December, when the vector is prevalent and infections are common.It has been more than 10 years since the first report of autochthonous human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica in Kenya. 1 Subsequent surveys focused on additional cases in indigenous Kenyans. 2 This led to the discovery of a defined focus of the disease in Muruku Sublocation, Laikipia District, 2,3 and the determination that Phlebotomus guggisbergi is a vector. 4 Further studies have led to the discovery of additional foci of L. tropica-induced CL in central Kenya and the Rift Valley. 5,6 More recent determination of a new species of Phlebotomus further complicates the ecology of the disease in the newer foci. 7 We report here on the results of a two-year survey of the sand fly fauna at the well-defined, first reported focus of CL in Kenya. MATERIALS AND METHODSDescription of the study area. The study site, as first described by Lawyer and others, 4 encompassed a 1-km gorge at the head of which was a shallow semi-circular cave with a 100 m-wide entrance. The site was located in the Muruku Sublocation, Laikipia District in Kenya. A shallow pond at the base of the cave, which was present for about 10 or 11 months of the year, was used as a watering hole for domestic animals. The cave showed extensive use by rodents as well 4 (Figures 1 and 2).Sand fly collection and examination. Five light trap locations were selected along the mouth of the cave, in areas with abundant crevices and chambers. Four trap locations were selected in the gorge floor below the cave, at distances of approximately 40, 55, 70, and 100 m from the mouth of the cave. Additional trap sites were selected in the environs of a homestead of two confirmed CL cases on the rim of the gorge, 500 m from the cave (designated homestead #3). The homestead consisted of two buildings, an adjacent pen for goats and sheep, and a pen for 5-8 cattle.We performed one-week surveys at monthly intervals from January 1989 through March 1991. Sand flies were captured using solid-state army miniature light traps (John W. Hock Co., ...

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