Phlebotomine Sandflies - Potential Vectors of Avian Trypanosomes

doi:10.4467/16890027ap.18.005.8399

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, trypanosome lineages belonging to the T. avium group C have been isolated from louse flies, as well [16,18]. Apart from Hippoboscidae, avian trypanosomes are transmitted by Nematocera, namely, mosquitoes [14,17,19], black flies [20,21], biting midges [22][23][24], and phlebotomine sandflies [25,26]. A particular trypanosome lineage can be transmitted by multiple vectors [16,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Louse Flies and Their Trypanosomes: New Vectors, New Lineages and Host–Parasite Associations

et al. 2022

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Louse flies (Hippoboscidae) are permanent ectoparasites of birds and mammals. They have a cosmopolitan distribution with more than 200 described species. The aim of this study was to reveal host–vector–parasite associations between louse flies, birds, and trypanosomes. A total of 567 louse fly specimens belonging to 7 species were collected from birds at several localities in Czechia, including the rare species Ornithophila metallica and Ornithoica turdi. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of Ornithomya avicularia and Ornithomya fringillina on bird hosts according to their migratory status, O. fringillina being found more frequently on long-distance migrants. Trypanosomes were found in four species, namely, Ornithomya avicularia, O. fringillina, O. biloba, and Ornithoica turdi; the later three species are identified in this paper as natural trypanosome vectors for the first time. The prevalence of trypanosomes ranged between 5 and 19%, the highest being in O. biloba and the lowest being in O. fringillina. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA gene revealed that a vast majority of trypanosomes from hippoboscids belong to the avian T. corvi/culicavium group B. Four new lineages were revealed in group B, with louse flies being probable vectors for some of these trypanosome lineages. We also confirmed the transcontinental distribution of several trypanosome lineages. Our results show that hippoboscids of several genera are probable vectors of avian trypanosomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Louse Flies and Their Trypanosomes: New Vectors, New Lineages and Host–Parasite Associations

et al. 2022

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“…The localization of T. thomasbancrofti was in the hindgut, typical for trypanosomes belonging to T. avium s. l. (group C) [3,14,17]. Similar to other species from this group, after the rupture of the peritrophic matrix, trypanosomes migrate to the hindgut and rectum, where they stay attached by hemidesmosomes to the hindgut chitinous lining, as seen in Simulium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Four canaries (Serinus canaria) and two zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) were screened before the experiment by blood cultivation as described in [14] from the metatarsus vein articulation (vena metatarsalis plantaris superficialis media) for trypanosome infections; all were negative. Birds were inoculated with 7-8 Cx.…”

Section: Experimental Inoculation Of Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bird sampling was done at three localities between May and July, as described in [14]. Adults and yearlings were mist-netted at watering places in a game reserve (Milovice forest, South Moravia, 48.821274, 16.693175) or in cooperation with registered ringers contributing to the program Constant Effort Site (CES), organized by the Prague Ringing Centre (Zeměchy, 50.231783, 14.272371 and Choteč, 49.999069, 14.280239 in Central Bohemia).…”

Section: Wild Bird Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Knowledge of avian trypanosomes' vectors remains incomplete, despite their importance in parasite life cycles. The diversity of trypanosome dipteran vectors is high; namely, T. avium s. s. is transmitted by blackflies (Simuliidae) [10][11][12] and sandflies (Psychodidae) [13,14], T. corvi by hippoboscid flies (Hippoboscidae) [15], T. bennetti group by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) [16][17][18], and T. culicavium by mosquitoes (Culicidae) [19]. The mode of transmission into birds is by ingestion of the infected vector [12,15,19] or via the conjunctiva [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, an Avian Trypanosome Transmitted by Culicine Mosquitoes

et al. 2021

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Avian trypanosomes are cosmopolitan and common protozoan parasites of birds; nevertheless, knowledge of their life cycles and vectors remains incomplete. Mosquitoes have been confirmed as vectors of Trypanosoma culicavium and suggested as vectors of T. thomasbancrofti; however, transmission has been experimentally confirmed only for the former species. This study aims to confirm the experimental transmission of T. thomasbancrofti to birds and its localization in vectors. Culex pipiens were fed on blood using four strains of T. thomasbancrofti, isolated from vectors and avian hosts; all strains established infections, and three of them were able to develop high infection rates in mosquitoes. The infection rate of the culicine isolates was 5–28% for CUL15 and 48–81% for CUL98, 67–92% for isolate OF19 from hippoboscid fly, while the avian isolate PAS343 ranged between 48% and 92%, and heavy infections were detected in 90% of positive females. Contrary to T. culicavium, trypanosomes were localized in the hindgut, where they formed rosettes with the occurrence of free epimastigotes in the hindgut and midgut during late infections. Parasites occurred in urine droplets produced during mosquito prediuresis. Transmission to birds was achieved by the ingestion of mosquito guts containing trypanosomes and via the conjunctiva. Bird infection was proven by blood cultivation and xenodiagnosis; mature infections were present in the dissected guts of 24–26% of mosquitoes fed on infected birds. The prevalence of T. thomasbancrofti in vectors in nature and in avian populations is discussed in this paper. This study confirms the vectorial capacity of culicine mosquitoes for T. thomasbancrofti, a trypanosome related to T. avium, and suggests that prediuresis might be an effective mode of trypanosome transmission.

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Phlebotomine Sandflies - Potential Vectors of Avian Trypanosomes

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Avian Louse Flies and Their Trypanosomes: New Vectors, New Lineages and Host–Parasite Associations

Avian Louse Flies and Their Trypanosomes: New Vectors, New Lineages and Host–Parasite Associations

Complete Life Cycle of Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, an Avian Trypanosome Transmitted by Culicine Mosquitoes

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