Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research

Žukauskas, Pranas; Vveinhardt, Jolita; Andriukaitienė, Regina

doi:10.5772/intechopen.70628

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Use of meta-analysis may also be described as part of the logical-positivist paradigm, in which researchers justify and frame their work in terms of the primacy of hypothesis-driven and empirical inquiry. However, researchers’ paradigms can also be influenced by their politicized worldviews, beliefs, and perceptions of reality, in turn affecting scientific framing (Žukauskas et al , 2018). Our review, which recognizes the socially embedded nature of agricultural research (Sumberg et al , 2014), suggests that the variable application of methods and contestation over the framing and justifications given for research questions can undermine the purpose of meta-analysis to provide definitive conclusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ways in which scientists conceive of and frame their research questions is of similar significance. Conceptual frameworks are important in the organization of human experience, perception, and understanding, including scientific paradigm (Žukauskas et al , 2018). The boundaries imposed by a conceptual framework help to define what information may or may not be considered valid in the evaluation of research evidence to inform decision making (Goffman, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Size Matter? A Critical Review of Meta-Analysis in Agronomy

et al. 2019

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SUMMARYIntended to test broad hypotheses and arrive at unifying conclusions, meta-analysis is the process of extracting, assembling, and analyzing large quantities of data from multiple publications to increase statistical power and uncover explanatory patterns. This paper describes the ways in which meta-analysis has been applied to support claims and counter-claims regarding two topics widely debated in agricultural research, namely organic agriculture (OA) and conservation agriculture (CA). We describe the origins of debate for each topic and assess prominent meta-analyses considering data-selection criteria, research question framing, and the interpretation and extrapolation of meta-analytical results. Meta-analyses of OA and CA are also examined in the context of the political economy of development-oriented agricultural research. Does size matter? We suggest that it does, although somewhat ironically. While meta-analysis aims to pool all relevant studies and generate comprehensive databases from which broad insights can be drawn, our case studies suggest that the organization of many meta-analyses may affect the generalizability and usefulness of research results. The politicized nature of debates over OA and CA also appear to affect the divergent ways in which meta-analytical results may be interpreted and extrapolated in struggles over the legitimacy of both practices. Rather than resolving scientific contestation, these factors appear to contribute to the ongoing debate. Meta-analysis is nonetheless becoming increasingly popular with agricultural researchers attracted by the power for the statistical inference offered by large datasets. This paper consequently offers three suggestions for how scientists and readers of scientific literature can more carefully evaluate meta-analyses. First, the ways in which papers and data are collected should be critically assessed. Second, the justification of research questions, framing of farming systems, and the scales at which research results are extrapolated and discussed should be carefully evaluated. Third, when applied to strongly politicized topics situated in an arena of scientific debate, as is the case with OA and CA, more conservative interpretations of meta-analytical results that recognize the socially and politically embedded nature of agricultural research is are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Size Matter? A Critical Review of Meta-Analysis in Agronomy

et al. 2019

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“…In other words, perceptions of corporate social responsibility may differ based on a society's culture, traditions, and era. In the practice of firms' social responsibility, there can be a focus on one or even several extremely important actions, indicating that the firms have not yet digested the valuable content of the CSR idea and is increasing its activity while ignoring a key principle of inner development [43].…”

Section: The Effects Of Csr Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Stakeholder Pressures Affect Corporate Social Responsibility Adoption? Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises in Ethiopia

Tikuye

2021

Sustainability

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In today’s globalized world, one of the great challenges for enterprises is integrating CSR adoption into their operations. The study aims to investigate how stakeholder pressure influences the adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices by Chinese medium and large-scale manufacturing enterprises in Ethiopia. This study used a mixed-methods research approach that includes primary and secondary data sources. The employed research data were analyzed using stakeholder theory, structural equation modeling, and multivariate regression analysis to identify the causal relationship between the stakeholder pressures and CSR adoption. The finding shows that overseas Chinese medium and large-scale enterprises at least have CSR awareness to meet compliance requirements. Comparatively, employees, community, and customers are the most influential and significant factors determining the enterprises’ stakeholder pressure on the CSR engagement. The finding indicates that Chinese enterprises are unrecognized for their CSR contribution due to a lack of public relation in displaying what they display the firms are doing. There is no strong link between Chinese manufacturing enterprises and the regulatory stakeholders to implement inclusive CSR awareness and eliminate conflicts of interest on legal frameworks. The study proposed some recommendations to solve the gaps regarding indifference to CSR adoption, the community’s lack of concern for CSR, and lack of proactive involvement. Government laws are required to legally control unbalanced practices and distorted views, as well as to guide fixing conflicts of interest. These finding are important for enterprises, policymakers, government officials, and local and foreign investors to identify, understand, and use the driving factors of stakeholder pressures on CSR practices.

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“…The positivist/postpositivist, also referred to as scientific research paradigm, was adopted for this study. This is because the study is experimental [52]. The deduction research approach was also adopted for the study as it requires a quantitative research method [53,54].…”

Section: Fourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Transmission Line Boundary Protection Using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network with Back Propagation and Wavelet Transform

Okojie¹,

Idoko²,

Herbert³

et al. 2021

ASI

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Protection schemes are usually implemented in the planning of transmission line operations. These schemes are expected to protect not only the network of transmission lines but also the entire power systems network during fault conditions. However, it is often a challenge for these schemes to differentiate accurately between various fault locations. This study analyses the deficiencies identified in existing protection schemes and investigates a different method that proposes to overcome these shortcomings. The proposed scheme operates by performing a wavelet transform on the fault-generated signal, which reduces the signal into frequency components. These components are then used as the input data for a multilayer perceptron neural network with backpropagation that can classify between different fault locations in the system. The study uses the transient signal generated during fault conditions to identify faults. The scientific research paradigm was adopted for the study. It also adopted the deduction research approach as it requires data collection via simulation using the Simscape electrical sub-program of Simulink within Matrix laboratory (MATLAB). The outcome of the study shows that the simulation correctly classifies 70.59% of the faults when tested. This implies that the majority of the faults can be detected and accurately isolated using boundary protection of transmission lines with the help of wavelet transforms and a neural network. The outcome also shows that more accurate fault identification and classification are achievable by using neural network than by the conventional system currently in use.

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Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

Does Size Matter? A Critical Review of Meta-Analysis in Agronomy

Does Size Matter? A Critical Review of Meta-Analysis in Agronomy

How Do Stakeholder Pressures Affect Corporate Social Responsibility Adoption? Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises in Ethiopia

Study of Transmission Line Boundary Protection Using a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network with Back Propagation and Wavelet Transform

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