Philogenetic and Ecological Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Milks

Iverson, Sara J.; Oftedal, Olav T.

doi:10.1016/b978-012384430-9/50036-6

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Fatty acids in milk have three sources: (1) maternal depot fat; (2) maternal diet; and (3) de novo synthesis in the mammary gland (Stini et al, 1980;Iverson and Oftedal, 1995;Prentice, 1996;Del Prado et al, 1999;Sauerwald et al, 2001). Mediumchain fatty acids such as octanoic acid (8:0) and decanoic acid (10:0) can be synthesized de novo by a variety of tissues, including the mammary gland while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) must be obtained by the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mediumchain fatty acids such as octanoic acid (8:0) and decanoic acid (10:0) can be synthesized de novo by a variety of tissues, including the mammary gland while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) must be obtained by the diet. Fatty acid synthesis by the mammary gland may be a species-specific trait (Dils et al, 1977;Iverson and Oftedal, 1995), with certain species having higher levels of mammary gland lipogenesis. However, the proportion of fatty acids synthesized by the mammary gland depends on the amount of fatty acids from dietary or depot fat stores .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

Milligan

Rapoport

Cranfield

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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Fatty acids in milk reflect the interplay between species-specific physiological mechanisms and maternal diet. Anthropoid primates (apes, Old and New World monkeys) vary in patterns of growth and development and dietary strategies. Milk fatty acid profiles also are predicted to vary widely. This study investigates milk fatty acid composition of five wild anthropoids (Alouatta palliata, Callithrix jacchus, Gorilla beringei beringei, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca sinica) to test the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk fatty acid composition. Milk from New and Old World monkeys had significantly more 8:0 and 10:0 than milk from apes. The leaf eating species G. b. beringei and A. paliatta had a significantly higher proportion of milk 18:3n-3, a fatty acid found primarily in plant lipids. Mean percent composition of 22:6n-3 was significantly different among monkeys and apes, but was similar to the lowest reported values for human milk. Mountain gorillas were unique among anthropoids in the high proportion of milk 20:4n-6. This seems to be unrelated to requirements of a larger brain and may instead reflect speciesspecific metabolic processes or an unknown source of this fatty acid in the mountain gorilla diet.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

Milligan

Rapoport

Cranfield

et al. 2008

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry an

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“…Fatty acids are derived from either the blood or synthesised in the mammary gland from either glucose (women) or acetate (cow) or both (rabbit, sow, quokka). The fatty acid composition of the milk of the quokka is similar to that of the sow (26,120,121) . This suggests that while some biohydrogenation occurs in the forestomach, the fatty acid metabolism of the quokka is more closely aligned to that of single-stomached mammals (26,120 -123) and the absence of SCFA in the milk of the quokka is not generally a feature of the milk fat of other herbivores, such as the rabbit (26,120,124) .…”

Section: Unique Nutritional Componentsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Evolution of lactation: nutritionv.protection with special reference to five mammalian species

2008

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The evolutionary origin of the mammary gland has been difficult to establish because little knowledge can be gained on the origin of soft tissue organs from fossil evidence. One approach to resolve the origin of lactation has compared the anatomy of existing primitive mammals to skin glands, whilst another has examined the metabolic and molecular synergy between mammary gland development and the innate immune system. We have reviewed the physiology of lactation in five mammalian species with special reference to these theories. In all species, milk fulfils dual functions of providing protection and nutrition to the young and, furthermore, within species the quality and quantity of milk are highly conserved despite maternal malnutrition or illness. There are vast differences in birth weight, milk production, feeding frequency, macronutrient concentration, growth rate and length of lactation between rabbits, quokkas (Setonix brachyurus), pigs, cattle and humans. The components that protect the neonate against infection do so without causing inflammation. Many protective components are not unique to the mammary gland and are shared with the innate immune system. In contrast, many of the macronutrients in milk are unique to the mammary gland, have evolved from components of the innate immune system, and have either retained or developed multiple functions including the provision of nourishment and protection of the hatchling/neonate. Thus, there is a strong argument to suggest that the mammary gland evolved from the inflammatory response; however, the extensive protection that has developed in milk to actively avoid triggering inflammation seems to be a contradiction.

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“…Garton & Duncan 1969;Lodge et al 1978;Pond 1998). Clearly, this is not the case for the odontocete acoustic fats: the milk of toothed whales, like that of all other mammals, is composed mostly of lipids of dietary and more typical biosynthetic origin, and does not contain any branched-chain FA (Iverson & Oftedal 1995;Koopman et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history constrains biochemical development in the highly specialized odontocete echolocation system

Koopman

Zahorodny

2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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The vertebrate head has undergone enormous modification from the features borne by early ancestors. The growth of skull bones has been well studied in many species, yet little is known about corresponding soft tissue development. Among mammals, some of the most unusual examples of cranial evolution exist in the toothed whales (odontocetes). Specialized fat bodies in toothed whale heads play important roles in sound transmission and reception. These fat bodies contain unique endogenous lipids, with favourable acoustic properties, arranged in highly organized, three-dimensional patterns. We link variation in developmental rates of acoustic fats with life-history strategy, using bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. Porpoise acoustic fats attain adult configurations earlier (less than 1 year) and at a faster pace than dolphins. The accelerated lipid accumulation in porpoises reflects the earlier need for fully functional echolocation systems. Dolphins enjoy 3-6 years of maternal care; porpoises must achieve total independence by approximately nine months. Further, a stereotypic 'blueprint' for the spatial distribution of lipids is established prior to birth, demonstrating the highly conserved nature of the intricate biochemical arrangement in acoustic tissues. This system illustrates an unusual case of soft tissue development being constrained by life history, rather than the more commonly observed mechanistic or phyletic constraints.

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Philogenetic and Ecological Variation in the Fatty Acid Composition of Milks

Cited by 29 publications

References 66 publications

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

Fatty acid composition of wild anthropoid primate milks

Evolution of lactation: nutritionv.protection with special reference to five mammalian species

Life history constrains biochemical development in the highly specialized odontocete echolocation system

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