Philanthropy and Progressive Era State Building through Agricultural Extension Work in the Jim Crow South

Abstract

In the process of promoting an agricultural appropriation bill in the 1914 legislative session, members of Congress engaged in a vigorous debate about the appropriateness of public-private collaboration in the federal government. They had discovered that the Department of Agriculture had been receiving funding directly from the General Education Board (GEB), a philanthropy established with funds from the Rockefeller family, for staff hired to engage in agricultural extension services. Representative William Kenyon of Iowa explained to his fellow Congressmen that employees “were on the pay roll of the Government; and, as I understand, the man who is at the head of the farm demonstration work received $1 per month from the Government and $625 per month from the Rockefeller Fund.” While Senator John Sharp Williams of Mississippi generally supported the use of private funding, he expressed the sentiments of many of his colleagues with his concern that it was “a very bad thing to get the employees of the Federal or of the State or of a city government in the habit of relying upon rich men and corporations for aid and assistance, because it brings around… a certain, perhaps dominating, influence upon the officials themselves that might be and probably would be finally detrimental to the public service or to self-respect and interest of the masses.”

The politics of self-help: The Rockefeller Foundation, philanthropy and the ‘long’ Green Revolution

“…In 1903, John D. Rockefeller Sr. founded the GEB to finance improved public education and to promote economic development that would lift poor American farmers, especially those located in Southern states, out of poverty (Fosdick, 1962; see also Mitchell & Lowe, 1990;Malczewski, 2013). Early GEB work on health education convinced the Board leaders that they needed to bring nutrition and agrarian practices into the field of social reform.…”