Pheophytin a Inhibits Inflammation via Suppression of LPS-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase-2, Prostaglandin E2, and Interleukin-1β of Macrophages

Abstract

Inflammation is a serious health issue worldwide that induces many diseases such as sepsis. There has been a vast search for potentially effective drugs to decrease mortality from sepsis. Pheophytin a is a chlorophyll-related compound derived from green tea. We found that pre-treatment with pheophytin a suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interleukin-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages. NO synthase-2 (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels were repressed by pre-treatment with pheophytin a at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Pheophytin a inhibited NOS2 promoter activity, but not its mRNA stability, through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). This suppression was reversed by ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126). Pheophytin a reduced signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT-1) activation, without an obvious influence on activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). These results suggest that pheophytin a functions by down-regulating the transcriptional levels of inflammatory mediators and blocking the ERK and STAT-1 pathways.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rice bran and green tea fermentation mixture on lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 macrophages

“…Excessive production of NO and prostaglandins induced by iNOS is considered to be the most prominent molecular mechanism in the inflammatory process [13]. We observed that the production of NO and iNOS in LPS-induced murine macrophages was reduced by OCB treatment.…”

Regulatory effects and molecular mechanism of Trigonostemon reidioides on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells

“…T. reidioedes has been described as exhibiting potential anticancer activity by inducing cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines, including liver, cervical, oral, colon, lung and gastric cancers ( 1 ). Recently, several studies have reported that natural products such as T. reidioedes may be effective in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases ( 27 , 28 ). However, there have been few reports investigating the molecular mechanisms of the inflammatory effect of T. reidioedes .…”

Color Mutations Alter the Biochemical Composition in the San Marzano Tomato Fruit

“…Because of the positive effects of chlorophylls and chlorophyll-related metabolites on cellular inflammation and as anti-mutagen and anti-carcinogen agent [70,71], and of the antioxidant function of vitamin E-producing metabolites, that reduce free-radical damage to membrane lipids by scavenging peroxyl radicals [72,73], tomato lines carrying gf may be considered an alternative to red tomatoes offering added nutraceutical value. In addition, gf may play important roles in enhancing organoleptic qualities.…”