Phenylpropanoid Glycoside and Phenolic Acid Profiles and Biological Activities of Biomass Extracts from Different Types of Verbena officinalis Microshoot Cultures and Soil-Grown Plant

Abstract

Different types of microshoot cultures (agar, stationary liquid, agitated, and bioreactors) of Verbena officinalis were optimized for biomass growth and the production of phenylpropanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the presence of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, leucoseptoside A/isomers, and cistanoside D/isomer was confirmed in the methanolic extracts obtained from all types of in vitro cultures. The compound’s content was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The main metabolites in biomass extracts were verbascoside and isoverbascoside (maximum 4881.61 and 451.80 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)). In the soil-grown plant extract, verbascoside was also dominated (1728.97 mg/100 g DW). The content of phenolic acids in the analyzed extracts was below 24 mg/100 g DW. The highest radical scavenging activity was found in the biomass extract from agitated cultures, the most effective reducing power in agar culture extract, and the highest chelating activity in extract from bioreactor cultures. The extracts showed significantly stronger bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3–2.2 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.6–9 mg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC 0.6–9 mg/mL, MBC of 0.6–18 mg/mL). The biomass extract from liquid stationary culture showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the extract from soil-grown herb had the lowest.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Common and Lemon Verbena

“…In the study of Rita et al [ 67 ], the determined amounts of TPCs, TFs, and TPAs in infusions prepared from Portuguese lemon verbena differed from those of our study (230, 117, and 1.91 μg/mL extract), indicating the significant effect that the genotype may have on the phenolic compound composition. In the case of common verbena extracts, Kubica et al [ 17 ], who studied the methanolic extracts of Polish common verbena, recorded a TPC content higher than 100 mg/g DW. The varied reports on lemon verbena and common verbena phenolic compound contents could be attributed to the effects of the growing conditions, harvesting stage and harvesting time, cultivation practices, or extraction protocols [ 17 , 66 , 68 , 69 ].…”

“…In the case of common verbena extracts, Kubica et al [ 17 ], who studied the methanolic extracts of Polish common verbena, recorded a TPC content higher than 100 mg/g DW. The varied reports on lemon verbena and common verbena phenolic compound contents could be attributed to the effects of the growing conditions, harvesting stage and harvesting time, cultivation practices, or extraction protocols [ 17 , 66 , 68 , 69 ].…”

“…Verbena officinalis L., commonly known as vervain or common verbena, has a wide geographical distribution from South America to North America, northern Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia [ 16 ]. This herb has been used for many years as a health supplement in herbal medicine [ 17 , 18 ]. The latest studies on the species have shown a wide variety of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiphlogistic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, analgesic, insecticidal, and gastroprotective properties [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Verbena officinalis (Verbenaceae): Pharmacology, Toxicology and role in female health

“…Verbacoside, Isoverbacoside, leucoseptoside A, cistanoside D were isolated from methanolic extracts of microshoot cultures of V.officinalis. Quantitative analysis of verbacoside and isoverbacoside was done byultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were found to be 4881.61 and 451.80 mg/100 g dry weight respectively (15).…”

“…Biomass generated by microshoot culture of Verbena officinalis had potent antioxidant and bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram positive bacteria, which could be attributed to the presence of phenolic acids and phenylpropanoid glycosides (15).…”