Phenylenedimaleimide positional isomers used as lithium ion battery electrolyte additives: Relating physical and electrochemical characterization to battery performance

Forward and reverse differential-pulse effects applied in the formation of a solid electrolyte interface to enhance the performance of lithium batteries

“…The equivalent-circuit model shown in Fig. 4 represents the battery's internal construction, which is illustrated as five components: the series resistance (R 1 ), which represents the wire and electrolyte resistances; the first resistance (R 2 )-capacitance element, which represents the impedance of the bulk SEI; the second resistance (R 3 )-capacitance circuit, which generates the interface on the anode surface; the Warburg element (W 1 ), which reflects the ionic-diffusion resistance of the electrode materials; and the interface capacitance (C 1 ) of the battery [9]. Because the same electrolyte and wire were used in all batteries, the R 1 values in Fig.…”

“…Previous studies [1,3] have suggested two reasons for this. Low-molecular-weight electrolyte additives such as maleimides [9][10][11][12][13], vinylene carbonate (VC) [6,7], or sulfones [8] can be electrochemically polymerized; thereby causing C-H bonding of the polymer on the anode surface. In this study, the VC was used to the additive in the electrolyte.…”

“…Electrolyte additives, which are low-molecular-weight monomers that exhibit high reduction potentials, are used for reinforcing SEI formation and preventing the polarization of the electrochemical reaction. Chemical compounds based on vinylene carbonates [6,7], sulfones [8], maleimides [9][10][11][12][13], and phosphates [14,15] were previously developed for generating an SEI that prevented the exfoliation effects on carbon when PC was used as the solvent: using this process, a 3D electrochemically active surface area was formed and frame-retardant applications were improved. However, large-scale solubility and electrochemical stability of the additives in electrolytes cannot be readily maintained.…”

Additives for Functional Electrolytes of Li-Ion Batteries

“…Presently, many organic additives fall into the category of polymerizable monomers. A non-exhaustive list includes esters (including carboxylic esters/carbonates and other inorganic esters such as phosphates, sulfates, and silicates) that are derived from vinyl and allyl alcohols [2,54,71], vinyl pyridine [63], acrylic acid nitrile [110], maleic acid derivatives [125,131], vinyl sulfones [128], vinyl silanes [113], and isocyanates [65,171] (Fig. 2).…”

The understanding of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and mechanism as the effect of flouro‐o‐phenylenedimaleimaide (F‐MI) additive on lithium‐ion battery

“…It has been proven that maleimide‐based additive can improve the capability and cycle ability due to its low Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energy and high reductive potential compared with alkyl carbonates, such as EC, PC, and Diethyl Carbonate (DEC) . Study reports that maleimide has phenyl group in the middle of the structure, which conjugate the π orbital and the resonance structure of the phenyl group; hence, MI‐based additives have higher reduction potential, inhibiting a competitive reaction between MI and the alkyl carbonates; this phenomenon reduces the irreversibility state and increases reversibility of electrochemical reaction and current density . Furthermore, it will form effective SEI and suppress the decomposition of remaining electrolyte and improve the battery performance regarding capacity retention, high capability, and cycle ability.…”