“…Aptamer-based FRET sensing systems have been employed for recognizing poisonous cations, e.g. Pb 2þ and Hg 2þ [21,22], K þ [19,23], low molecular weight targets such as cocaine [19,24], adenosine [19] or ATP [25] macromolecular markers such as thrombin [26,27], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [28], insulin [29], or even whole cancer cells [20]. Noteworthy, an original multifunctional quantum dot/aptamer/drug system was also developed that could simultaneously recognize the prostate specific membrane antigen, visualize prostate cancer cells and finally release an antineoplastic drug, namely doxorubicin [30].…”