Phenoxyacid Herbicides in Stormwater Retention Ponds: Urban Inputs

Raina, Renata; Etter, Michele L.; Buehler, Katherine; Starks, Kevin; Yowin, Ywomo

doi:10.4236/ajac.2011.28112

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a worldwide-used herbicide recognized as being one of the most ubiquitous phenoxy acids present in the aquatic environment [ 1 ]. Even if slightly soluble in soil, the danger of 2,4-D comes from being strongly soluble in water (900 mgL −1 ) [ 2 ]. Inhalation and adsorption through the skin are all possible ways of intake, which could cause liver, kidney, muscle and brain tissue damage [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Chitosan for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Removal

Silvestro

Ciarlantini

Francolini

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The development of low-cost and eco-friendly materials for the removal of pollutants from water is one of the main modern challenges. For this purpose, molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared under optimized conditions starting from chitosan (CS), chemically or ionically modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) or itaconic acid (ITA), respectively. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used as a template, obtaining the CS_GMA and CS_ITA series. The influence of the template concentration on the MIPs’ (molecularly imprinted polymers) morphology, thermal behaviour and swelling ability, as well as on the 2,4-D removal capacity, were analyzed. The amount of the template used for the imprinting, together with the different permeability of the matrices, were the key factors driving the analyte uptake process. Despite the good performance shown by the non-imprinted CS_GMA sample, the best results were obtained when CS_GMA was imprinted with the highest amount (5%) of template (CS_GMA_5). This system was also more efficient when consecutive adsorption experiments were carried out. In addition, CS_GMA_5 had a desorption efficiency of 90–100% when a low pesticide concentration was used. These findings suggest that the presence of imprinted cavities could be useful in improving the performance of sorbent materials making CS_GMA_5 a possible candidate for 2,4-D removal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Chitosan for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Removal

Silvestro

Ciarlantini

Francolini

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…This knowledge gap is emphasized in a critical review by Chen et al (2019) that covered pesticides in stormwater and identified an urgent need for research quantifying a wider scope of pesticide mixtures and investigating the biological and physicochemical drivers of pesticide occurrence variability in urban runoff. Urban-use pesticides, such as methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), accumulate in stormwater ponds (Struger et al, 1994;Raina et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2019;Flanagan et al, 2021) and could present toxicological risks to urban wildlife residing in stormwater ponds (Allinson et al, 2015;Flanagan et al, 2021). Moreover, contaminant retention within the ponds can be compromised, particularly during flood events when pond sediments are disturbed (Vulava et al, 2019;Spahr et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban-use pesticides in stormwater ponds and their accumulation in biofilms

Izma,

Raby,

Prosser

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Stormwater ponds frequently receive urban runoff, increasing the likelihood of pesticide contamination. Biofilms growing in surface waters of these ponds are known to accumulate a range of aquatic contaminants, paradoxically providing both water purification services and potentially posing a threat to urban wildlife. Thus, sampling biofilms in stormwater ponds may be a critical and biologically relevant tool for characterizing pesticide contamination and toxicity in urban environments. Here, we aimed to investigate pesticide occurrences at 21 stormwater ponds in Brampton, ON, one of Canada’s fastest growing municipalities, and quantify their accumulation in biofilm. Over nine weeks, we collected time-integrated composite water and biofilm samples for analysis of ∼500 current-use and legacy pesticides. Thirty-two pesticide compounds were detected across both matrices, with 2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP, azoxystrobin, bentazon, triclopyr, and diuron having near-ubiquitous occurrences. Several compounds not typically monitored in pesticide suites (e.g., melamine and nicotine) were also detected, but only in biofilms. Overall, 56% of analytes detected in biofilms were not found in water samples, indicating traditional pesticide monitoring practices fail to capture all exposure routes, as even when pesticides are below detection levels in water, organisms may still be exposed via dietary pathways. Calculated bioconcentration factors ranged from 4.2 – 1275 and were not predicted by standard pesticide physicochemical properties. Monitoring biofilms provides a sensitive and comprehensive supplement to water sampling for pesticide quantification in urban areas, and identifying pesticide occurrences in stormwater could improve source-tracking efforts in the future. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms driving pesticide accumulation, to investigate toxicity risks associated with pesticide-contaminated biofilm, and to evaluate whether pesticide accumulation in stormwater pond biofilms represents a route through which contaminants are mobilized into the surrounding terrestrial and downstream aquatic environments.

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Herbicides and trace metals in urban waters in Melbourne, Australia (2011–12): concentrations and potential impact

Allinson

Zhang²,

Bui³

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Urban stormwater samples were collected from five aquatic systems in Melbourne, Australia, on six occasions between October 2011 and March 2012 and tested for 30 herbicides and 14 trace metals. Nineteen different herbicides were observed in one or more water samples from the five sites; chemicals observed at more than 40% of sites were simazine (100%), MCPA (83%), diuron (63%) and atrazine (53%). Using the toxicity unit (TU) concept to assess potential risk to aquatic ecosystems, none of the detected herbicides were considered to pose an individual, group or collective short-term risk to fish or zooplankton in the waters studied. However, 13 herbicides had TU values suggesting they might have posed an individual risk to primary producers at the time of sampling. Water quality guideline levels were exceeded on many occasions for Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn. Similarly, RQ and RQ exceeded 1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. Almost all the metals screened exceeded a logTU of -3 for every trophic level, suggesting that there may have been some impact on aquatic organisms in the studied waterbodies. Our data indicate that Melbourne's urban aquatic environments may be being impacted by approved domestic, industrial and sporting application of herbicides and that stormwater quality needs to be carefully assessed prior to reuse. Further research is required to understand the performance of different urban stormwater wetland designs in removing pesticides and trace metals. Applying the precautionary principle to herbicide regulation is important to ensure there is more research and assessment of the long-term 'performance' standard of all herbicides and throughout their 'life cycle'. Implementing such an approach will also ensure government, regulators, decision makers, researchers, policy makers and industry have the best possible information available to improve the management of chemicals, from manufacture to use.

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Phenoxyacid Herbicides in Stormwater Retention Ponds: Urban Inputs

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Chitosan for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Removal

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Chitosan for 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Removal

Urban-use pesticides in stormwater ponds and their accumulation in biofilms

Herbicides and trace metals in urban waters in Melbourne, Australia (2011–12): concentrations and potential impact

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