Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D)

Kennepohl, Elke; Munro, I.C.; Bus, James S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374367-1.00084-7

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…More specifically, hydrophobic herbicides like chlorinated compounds are often adsorbed and retained within soil particles and organic matter, whereas water-soluble herbicides enter surface and groundwater bodies through percolation, runoff , and drainage. Some characteristics of 2,4-D, like its high molecular mass, halogenation, tendency towards bioaccumulation, and lipophilicity, make it more recalcitrant or persistent and thus increase its chances of contaminating air, water , and soil fractions when it is used at higher concentrations than those recommended (Kennepohl et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

et al. 2023

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Chlorinated herbicides are one of the main types of pesticide used in agriculture. In Argentina, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is the most applied herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds, but the risks it poses for the environment and human health are cause for great concern. A promising technology to remove this kind of pollutants, or neutralize them in such a way that they become less or non-toxic, is the use of degrading or detoxifying microorganisms from contaminated sites. Filamentous fungi can bioremediate xenobiotics thanks to their efficient enzymatic machinery. However, most studies on the degradation of 2,4-D have been carried out with bacteria, and little is known about whether it can be efficiently biodegraded by fungi. In the environment, fungal strains and native microbiota may detoxify contaminants through mechanisms like biosorption, bioabsortion, biotransformation, and/or degradation. Whether these processes occur separately or simultaneously depends on the metabolic ability of the strains that conform the microbial community. Another important concern when attempting to introduce detoxifying microorganisms into a contaminated environment is the GRAS (“Generally Recognized As Safe”) assessment or status. These are studies that help predict a biodegrading microorganism’s pathogenicity, toxicity, and infectivity before in situ application. This application, moreover, is regulated by different legal frameworks. The present review aims to outline the main aspects of 2,4-D degradation by fungi, and to summarize the current state of research on the topic in Argentina.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

et al. 2023

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“…2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a commonly used, broad-leaf selective herbicide. Acting as an auxin agonist, 2,4-D causes uncontrolled growth and eventual death in various broad-leaf species (Garabrant and Philbert, 2002; Kennepohl et al, 2010). In 2012, 2,4-D was the 5th most used herbicide for agriculture (30–40 million pounds), as well as the favored choice in the home and garden (7–9 million pounds) across the United States (US EPA, 2017a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva

et al. 2018

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva. Using an in vitro rat salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) system, a collection of experiments investigating chemical protein binding, temporal and directional transport, as well as competitive transport with para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), a substrate for renal organic anion transporters, was conducted to identify cellular transport parameters required to computationally model salivary transport of 2,4-D. Additionally, a physiological protein gradient was implemented to mimic physiologically relevant concentrations of protein in rat plasma and saliva, and under these conditions the transfer of 2,4-D was markedly slower, driven by increased protein binding (i.e. reduced free 2,4-D species available to cross salivary barrier). The rate of transfer was directly proportional to the amount of unbound 2,4-D and demonstrated no indication of active transport. An in vivo assessment of 2,4-D exposure in rats revealed non-linear protein binding in plasma, indicating saturated protein binding and increased levels of unbound 2,4-D species at higher doses. A strong correlation between 2,4-D concentrations in saliva and unbound 2,4-D in plasma was observed (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.95). Saliva:plasma 2,4-D ratios measured in vivo (0.0079) were consistent within the linear protein binding range and expected 2,4-D levels from occupational exposures but were significantly different than ratios measured in vitro (physiological conditions) (0.034), possibly due to 2,4-D concentrations in saliva not being at equilibrium with 2,4-D concentrations in blood, as well as physiological features absent in in vitro settings (e.g. blood flow). We demonstrated that 2,4-D is consistently transported into saliva using both in vitro and in vivo models, making 2,4-D a potential candidate for human non-invasive salivary biomonitoring. Further work is needed to understand whether current sensor limits of detection are sufficient to measure occupationally relevant exposures.

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Pesticides

Costa¹

2020

Environmental Toxicants

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Phenoxy Herbicides (2,4-D)

Cited by 10 publications

References 107 publications

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

Fungal biodegradation of chlorinated herbicides: an overview with an emphasis on 2,4-D in Argentina

Evaluation of non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva

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